EXAM 4 TOPICS Flashcards by Olivia Lassa

What is MIC

minimum inhibitory concentration

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How do you determine MIC

where there is no growth

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What does the kirby bauer tells us

which has the zone of inhibition and therefore is susceptible to being treated

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Define intrinsic resistance

cells have an innate or natural resistance to a drug

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Define tolerance or situational resistance

a usually susceptible cell is in an environmental situation where it is no longer as susceptible to the drug

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Define aquired resistance

permanent, genetically encoded resistance to an antimicrobial drug

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How does acquired resistance occur

through natural selection and mutations

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What type of pathogen is S. aureus

human oppurtonistic pathogen

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What’s a human oppurtonistic pathogen

can cause disease by penetrating a break in the skin or through mucous membrane

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What is S. aureus susceptible to

penicillin

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What is MRSA resistant to all

beta lactams AKA nosocomial

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what are the two mechanisms of resistance to beta lactams by MRSA and other bacteria

alternative enzyme PBPZA –> Marjority of MRSA
Beta lactamases inactivating enzymes

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What is PBP2

new transpeptidase that helps form the bacterial cell wall; has low affinity for antibiotics so it enables normal cell wall synthesis even in the presence of penicillin and the bacteria can grow and replicate as normal

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PBP2–>

alternative enzyme: expression of new transpeptidase PBP2 with LOW affinity to beta lactams

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What do beta lactamases –>

inactivating enzymes; enzymatic inactivation of drug by beta lactamases

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What is beta lactamases

enzyme produced that secreted by bactera that degrade all beta lactam structure; so cells are resistant to its affects on cell wall synthesis

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What are the treatment options for bacterial infections with beta lactamases resistance

cocktail treatmetn with Clavulanate, an inhibitor of beta lactamses

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What are the 5 mechanisms for microbes to acquire antibiotic resistance

prudent antibiotic prescription and patient compliance
surveillance to limit spread, prevention measures
development of new drug
combo therapy
infection control by other methods

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What are the 5 ways that microbes get acquired resistance

increase efflux
decrease uptake
target alteration
alternative enzyme
inactivating enzymes

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What is the significance of vitamin deficiency in some animals

microbes can be a significant nutritional source of vitamin

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What is the significance of underdevelopment of immune system in most animals

microbes are needed to stimulate development of certain host defenses

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What is the significance of heightened susceptibility to enteric pathogens and fungal infections

normal bacterial residents are antagonistic against pathogens

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What is the significance of less body fat

normal microbiota help to break down indigestible carbohydrates and increased fat storage in the body

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What are the phases of infection

portal of entry
attach to host
invading host
infection
portal of exit

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What is the incubation period

time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms; agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms

What is the prodromal stagw

vague feelings of discomfort; nonspecific complains

What is the period of invasion

multiplies at high levels, becomes well established, more specific signs and symptoms

What is the covalescent period

as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline.

What is measles portal of entrance

respiratory

What is small pox portal of entrance

respiratory

What is the portal of entrance for anthrax

respiratory; cutaneous

What is the portal of entrance for salmonella

ingestion

________ _____ not only contribute to the ability of microbes to evade host defense and enter into the host tissue to grow and become establish

virulence factors

Virulence factors directly contribute to wha

tissue damage hence the severity of disease

What can microbes encounter resistance from

host defenses and human microbiota

What is the initial response when someone invades the host

WBC called phagocytes

What occurs with blocked phagocytic response

a bacterial cell will excrete surface slime layer that makes it physically difficult for phagocyte to engulf them

What does the portal of exit mean

transmission of disease to a new host

What is an incubation carrier

spread during the incubation period

What is a convalescent carrier

recuperating without symptoms

what is a chronic carrier

individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period

What are the direct transmission of infectious disease

contact respiratory droplet vertical (mother to child) biological vector

What are the indirect transmission of infectious disease

fomites food and waste airborne (droplet or aerosols)

where does ebola replicate in the host cell

cytoplasm--ssrNA virus that infects human cells

How does ebola spread

through direct contact with fluids

What is the portal of entry for ebola

mucous membranes skin cuts

What needs to occur before the nurses can release a patient from ebola isolation

microbial load must be below a threshold detection level symptom free

What is a nosocomial infection

infection acquired during a hospital visit that was not there originally

What are the physical barriers of innate immunity

skin cemented together with keratin mucous membranes flushing

What do lysozymes do

antimicrobial because they cleave PT resulting in osmotic lysis of bacterial cells

What does dermicidin do for chemical innate defens

skill cells produce dermicidin that helps eliminate bacteria

What are cytokines

signalling proteins for immune system

What are the 3 types of cytokines

interluekins chemokines interferons

What are interleukins

modulate almost every function of the immune system

What are chemokines

recruit leukocytes to the site of infection, tissue damage, and inflammation

What do interferons do

important in our defense against viruses by interfering with viral replication

What are the 3 things the stem cells differentiate into for blood

RBC WBC platelets

What do WBC differentiate into further

monocytes neutrophils immune cells involved in adaptive immunity (B, T, and NK cells)

What is the purpose of neutrophils

phagocytes that are active engulfers and killers of bacteria

What do monocytes further differentiate into

macrophages and dendritic cells

What are macrophages and dendritic cells also

Antigen-presenting cells

Are WBC non specific

yes

Malaria spreads via vector; what is that

an animal or insect that transmit a pathogen from host to host

What is the mechanism of paslmodium flaciparum aka malaria

infect RBC

What group has natural immunity to malaria

sickle cell trait

What are the challenges of treating malaria

control mosquito control parasite growth

Leukocytes display special molecules on their membranes known as PRRs which recognize what

PAMP

What do PAMPs act as

a red flag to signal WBC

What is phagocytosis

ingestion and destruction by WBC

What is thymus and bone marrow

primary lymph tissue

What is the spleen responsible for

filtering blood

What is the function of the lymph nodes

to filter the lymph fluid

How does lymph get into the systemic system

lymph continues to trickle from the lymph nodes via efferent ducts into system of larger drainage vessels, which connects to large veins near the heart

Cells and products of immunity can do what due to the close relationship of lymphatic system and circulatory system

continually enter the regular circulation

Cells involved in innate immunity are called _______ and form

WBC or leukocytes; stem cells

WBC have ________ on their surface that recognize many microbes by their PAMP

PRR

Through the process __________ the WBC internalizes foreign material or pathogens and destroy them

phagocytosis

After phagocytosis, ___________ expel debris and die, whereas ______________ present an antigen derived from the degraded material

neutrophils; macrophages and dendritic cells

What will reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature

pyrogen

What are the two benefits of fever

increase temp to make the growth conditions less favorable stimulates immune system further

Unlike innate immunity adaptive immunity responses are tailored to

specific threats that are not self--antigens

Unlike innate immunity adaptive immunity response time ________ with subsequent exposure to a pathogen while innate is the _______ everytime

shortens; same

The cardinal signes of inflammation: what does SHARP stand for

SWELLING HEAT ALTERED FUNCTION REDNESS PAIN

________ immunity discriminates well between self and non-self while ________ acts indiscriminately

adaptive; innate

______ is made up of classes of identical cells; ________ enormous diversity that can recognize trillions of antigens

innate; adaptive

_________ is made of the same type of response to each pathogen; ________ is specific and unique response to each pathogen

innate; adaptive

________ remembers previous exposure to antigens to mount stronger subsequent response while _________ has no memory of previous exposure

adaptive; innate

What are the two features of adaptive immunity that is very different from innate immunity

specificity and memory

_________ help with specificity

antibodies

_____ help with memory

lymphocytes

Define antigen

molecules that are recognized by T cells or B cells and have very specific interaction

Good antigens tend to be _________ while poor antigens include

complex molecule; small, simple molecules not attached to a carrier molecule and simple large molecules

What do b cells do in the cooperation between lymphocytes during antigen presentation

B cells assist in the production and actions of antibodies in response to the antigen--APC

what do t cells do in the cooperation between lymphocytes during the antigen presentation

respond to the APC's

B cell receptors are called ________ and they bind __________

antibodies; antigens

T cell receptors bind _________ molecules that present antigens

MHC--2 receptors with an antigen

What do t cells release

cytokines, can induce lysis or apoptosis, can stimulate beta cell maturation

Where do t cells mature and then migrate

full maturation in the thymus gland, then migrate to the lymphoid organs

Where are CD4 on

t helper cells

Where are CD8 on

T cytotoxic cells

What are the examples of antigen presenting cells

dendritic cells macrophages B cells

What do CD8 cytotoxic t cells do

recognize MHC 2 and antigen and target the cell for destruction

What do CD4 t helper cells do

recognize MHC-2 and antigen to trigger cytokine production

What do CD4 T memory cells do

protect against future encounters with the same antigen

What is natural immunity

acquired as part of normal life experience

What is artificial immunity

acquired through medical procedures like a vaccine (also called immunization)

What is active immunity

a person develops their own immune response to an antigen that stimulates production of antibodies to create memory cells and takes time but is lasting

What is passive immunity

pre formed antibodies are made by one individual and donated to another individual; does not create memory, acts immediately and is short term

What do vaccines do

train our body to recognize and fight the disease if we encounter it in the future

If only a portion of a pathogen is being used as the basis for a vaccine, it would be an

acellular vaccine

What is a recombinant vaccine

from genetic material

What is a killed vaccine

from killed cell or inativated virus

What is an attenuated vaccine

live cells and viruses

EXAM 4 TOPICS Flashcards

(113 cards)