Chapter 1

Question 1

Define pathogens

Answer 1

a microbe that damages a host via infection and disease

Question 2

A vast majority of microbes are ________ and many are essential to human life

Answer 2

harmless

Question 3

Define microbiology

Answer 3

the specialized study of biology that studies organisms too small to the naked eye (unicelled)

Question 4

Define microbes

Answer 4

microscopic unicellular organisms too small to see with the naked eye

Question 5

What is considered macroscopic

Answer 5

200 um to 2 mm

Question 6

What is considered microscopic

Answer 6

1 um to 50 um

Question 7

what is considered ultramicroscopic

Answer 7

0.5 nm to 200nm

Question 8

what is considered atomic

Answer 8

0.1 nm

Question 9

most ________ fall between 200 and 10 nm in size; what is required to view them

Answer 9

viruses; need electron microscope

Question 10

Most _________ cells fall between 10 um and 1 um in size

Answer 10

bacterial

Question 11

What do all prokaryotic cells have

Answer 11

ribosomes, cell membrane (or body), chromosomes

Question 12

What do some prokaryotic cells have

Answer 12

flagellum and many have cell walls

Question 13

What do all viruses have

Answer 13

capsid, nucleic acids,

Question 14

What do some viruses have

Answer 14

bacteriophage, envelope

Question 15

What do all eukaryotic cells have

Answer 15

ribosomes, cell membranes, mitochondria, and nucleus

Question 16

What do some eukaryotic cells have

Answer 16

flagellum

Question 17

What type of cell is prokaryotes

Answer 17

single celled

Question 18

What type of cell is eukaryotes

Answer 18

not always single celled but has organelles and nucleus

Question 19

Why are viruses considered not alive

Answer 19

can’t reproduce on its own–they need to parasitize another living cell

Question 20

How long ago were prokaryotic cells appearing

Answer 20

3.5 billion

Question 21

How long ago were eukaryotic cells appearing

Answer 21

1.8 billion

Question 22

From the oldest to youngest when did the following appear by rank
termites
reptiles
humans
mammals

Answer 22

reptiles
termites
mammals
humans

Question 23

how many years ago were humans on earth

Answer 23

millions

Question 24

How did we know when bacteria like cells existed

Answer 24

fossil radiodating

Question 25

Define spontaneous generation

Answer 25

antiqued believe that life arises from non-living matter

Question 26

Why did we believe in spontaneous generation

Answer 26

lacked the technology to study microbes

Question 27

What is Anton van Leeuwenhoek attributed to

Answer 27

development of the first microscope and microbial world (calculated their sizes)

Question 28

In 1674 what did anton van leeuwenhoek discover

Answer 28

protozoa for the first time and several years later bacteria

Question 29

Van leeuwenhoek's research led to the acceptance of biogenesis and provided us with

Answer 29

examples of the early development of science-based thought

Question 30

Define hypothesis

Answer 30

early explanation that deduces facts to what can account for what has been observed

Question 31

Define deductive reasoning

Answer 31

general explanation of some phenomenon to develop a set of facts to explain that phenomenon

Question 32

Define inductive reasoning

Answer 32

one applies specific observations to develop a general explanation

Question 33

Define theory

Answer 33

collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explain or account for a natural event

Question 34

Define law

Answer 34

evidence of the accuracy is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached and the theory becomes a law

Question 35

When are observations used

Answer 35

in inductive reasoning

Question 36

When are experiments used

Answer 36

when the hypothesis is valid and can allow for it

Question 37

Who disproved spontaneous generation

Answer 37

louis pasteur

Question 38

What is the theory of biogenesis and who found it

Answer 38

idea that living things can only arise from other living things; louis pasteur

Question 39

What was the result of louis pasteur's swan flask experiment

Answer 39

microbes were the cause of fermentation and making of food products but also the cause of infection

Question 40

What is pasteurization

Answer 40

sterilization of food and medical devices

Question 41

Who developed the first vaccine from actual microbes

Answer 41

pastuer

Question 42

Who solidified the germ theory

Answer 42

koch

Question 43

What did koch do

Answer 43

further advanced the ideas of pasteur by using the scientific method and working with some bacteria

Question 44

What were the steps of koch

Answer 44

isolate organism from blood of infected animal, inoculate the bacteria into healthy animal, observe that these animals now showed similar symptoms, and re isolate the same microbe

Question 45

What was the key finding of koch

Answer 45

bacteria are the causative agents of some diseases

Question 46

State the 4 koch postulates

Answer 46

1. microbes must be found in an abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease 2. they must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture 3. they should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism 4. they must be reisolated from the inoculated experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent

Question 47

How is binomial nomenclature understood

Answer 47

genus --> species

Question 48

Define classification

Answer 48

orderly arrangement of organism's into groups that indicate evolutionary relation

Question 49

What is the acronym for the nomenclature

Answer 49

king phillip came over for good spaghetti

Question 50

What does phylogeny tell us

Answer 50

the natural relatedness between groups of living things

Question 51

What was charles darwins main idea

Answer 51

all species of life have descended from a CA; natural selection

Question 52

Define natural selection

Answer 52

individuals of a species are more likely to survive in their environment and pass on their genes to the next generation when they inherit traits from their parents that are best suited for that specific environment

Question 53

What is the theory of evolution

Answer 53

living things gradually change over time as new generations of the organism come about

Question 54

Theory of evolution process is _________

Answer 54

selective

Question 55

Define phylogenetics

Answer 55

study of the evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms

Question 56

What do nodes tell you

Answer 56

the next ancestor

Question 57

two species are more related if they have more recent

Answer 57

CA

Question 58

The most current system is based on the genetic structure of __________

Answer 58

ribosomes in the organism

Question 59

What are the three domains in woese-fox system

Answer 59

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 60

closely related organisms have similar what? and why?

Answer 60

features because they have evolved from common ancestral forms

Question 61

Why are viruses not included in the most recent phylogenetic trees

Answer 61

they're not cells and have no ribosomes