Chapter 8 for Exam 2

Question 1

Define metabolism

Answer 1

chemical workings of cell that generate or harness energy through the thousands of cellular biochemical reactions

Question 2

Cells acquire energy from an external source:

Answer 2

sun or chemicals

Question 3

Define anabolic process with energy

Answer 3

reactions consume energy (endergonic)

Question 4

Define catabolic process with energy

Answer 4

reactions release energy (exergonic)

Question 5

Anabolic process will ___________large molecules

Answer 5

form

Question 6

Catabolic process will _______- large molecules

Answer 6

breakdown

Question 7

Are catabolic and anabolic reactions intertwined

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

In many biochemical reactions an _________ changes a covalent bond on one or more substrates

Answer 8

enzyme

Question 9

define enzyme

Answer 9

protein that catalyzes most of the chemical reactions of life

Question 10

What are enzymes greatly influenced by

Answer 10

environmental conditions

Question 11

What are the most common electron carrier molecules

Answer 11

NAD+ and FAD2+ during krebs and NADP+ in photosynthesis

Question 12

What happens in the light dependent reactions of chlorophyll

Answer 12

H20 (photolysis splits it) into O2–releasing energy

Question 13

The released electrons and their inherent energy from Light-dependent reaction drives

Answer 13

photophosphorylation to synthesize ATP and NADPH

Question 14

What happens in the light independent reaction of chlorophyll

Answer 14

CO2 (carbon fixation) goes to glucose

Question 15

What is the formula for photosynthesis

Answer 15

6CO2 + 6H2O —> Glucose + 6O2

Question 16

Organisms that cannot make their own _________ must obtain it from the nutrients outside them in their environments

Answer 16

glucose

Question 17

Rank the steps of aerobic respiration

Answer 17

1. glycolysis
2. krebs cycle
3. electron transport chain

Question 18

Where does the krebs cycle take place in

euk

pro

Answer 18

mitochondria

cytoplasm and cell membrane

Question 19

Define chemiosmosis

Answer 19

chemicals flowing down concentration gradient

Question 20

What is proton motive force

Answer 20

H+ ion gradient; flow through ATP synthase

Question 21

What is ATP

Answer 21

a high energy and universal compound for managing energy

Question 22

What is needed for energy to biologically useful

Answer 22

it must ultimately be captured through phosphorylation, a process that adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP (ADP–>ATP)

Question 23

What three things can generate ATP

Answer 23

substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
photosynthesis

Question 24

1 nadh = ____ atp

Answer 24

3

Question 25

1 FADH2 = _____ ATP

Answer 25

2

Question 26

Which steps have substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 26

glycolysis and krebs cycle

Question 27

Which steps have oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 27

ETC

Question 28

The metabolic strategies employed by a microbe primarily depend upon the ________ they are able to biosynthesize

Answer 28

enzymes

Question 29

_______ pathways contain molecular intermediates that can be diverted into __________ pathways

Answer 29

catabolic; anabolic

Question 30

What is the secondary treatment of wastewater is

Answer 30

microbial digestion

Question 31

What decomposes the remaining particles of wood, paper, fabrics, petroleum, and organic molecules

Answer 31

a diverse community of natural bioremediators aerobically decompose these materials

Question 32

With secondary treatment of waste water what forms inside a large digester tank

Answer 32

sludge

Question 33

What does primary treatment with waste water include

Answer 33

screening sedimentation

Question 34

The anaerobic digestion of waste water =

Answer 34

solid material called sludge

Question 35

The aerobic digestion of waste water =

Answer 35

liquid to be used again

Question 36

Induced fit and substate binding is an example of

Answer 36

catabolic reaction

Question 37

Define substrate le vel phosphorylation

Answer 37

ADP is phosphorylated by a substrate to produce ATP

Question 38

Define oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 38

ADP to ATP using the free energy produced from redox reactions in the ETC

Question 39

What do electron carrier molecules do in terms of affinity

Answer 39

electron capture and transport in metabolic pathways falls to molecules with enhanced affinitiy for electrons that readily accept electrons from one substrate and donate them to another substrate

Question 40

Are carrier molecules degraded by electrons

Answer 40

NO

Question 41

Can carrier molecules be reused

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

carrier molecules can accept electrons from a wide range of reactions, not just one

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

How does volvox carteri get their energy

Answer 43

via photosynthesis

Question 44

Volvox carteri fixes tons of _________ in photosynthesis

Answer 44

carbon

Question 45

What happens in the light dependent reaction

Answer 45

1. photons are absorbed by pigments: h2o in --photolysis-- 2. O2 is released

Question 46

Which part of photosynthesis does the redox rxn of NADP+ --> NADPH to get ATP

Answer 46

light dependent

Question 47

What does the release of electrons and its associated energy drive in photosynthesis

Answer 47

photophorylation synthesis of ATP and NADPH

Question 48

What happens in the light independent reaction

Answer 48

1. CO2 in --carbon fixation with help of energy from light dependent rxn 2. E required to fix CO2 to create glucose

Question 49

What happens to the electron carrier molecules NADH and FADH2 in ETC

Answer 49

they're oxidized and the electron transport protein reduced

Question 50

A series of ________ reactions in the electron transport proteins pump H+ ions and create a hydrogen ion gradient forms

Answer 50

redox

Question 51

What does H+ diffuse down it's concentration gradient in with ETC

Answer 51

ATP synthase which phosphorylates ADP to ATP

Question 52

The net result of the ATP synthase is

Answer 52

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 53

Define chemioosmosis

Answer 53

high concentration of H+ flowing down the gradient to low concentrations

Question 54

Define proton-motive force

Answer 54

H+ ion gradient, H+ ions flow through ATP synthase

Question 55

What is the end result of glycolysis

Answer 55

2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvic acids

Question 56

What is the end result of transition state

Answer 56

2 acetlycoa 2 NADH 2 CO2

Question 57

What is the end result of the krebs cycle

Answer 57

4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP

Question 58

What is the end result of the ETC

Answer 58

34 ATP 6 H2O

Question 59

In fermentation what is the final electron acceptor

Answer 59

organic molecules