Chapter 15 Diagnostic Techniques

Question 1

Which term means “the determination of the nature and cause of a disease, injury, or congenital defect”?

Answer 1

Diagnosis

Question 2

Which term means “to predict the outcome of a disease”?

Answer 2

Prognosis

Question 3

Where are endoparasites most commonly found in laboratory animals?

Answer 3

In the intestinal tract

Question 4

What samples can be used to find endoparasites in the body?

Answer 4

Feces
Blood
Sputum

Question 5

Which test is a quick method, though not very accurate, for detecting endoparasites?

Answer 5

Direct fecal smear

Question 6

What signs might be an indication that an animal has ectoparasites?

Answer 6

Itching
Skin lesions
Hair loss

Question 7

Testing with a fecal analysis kit does not require centrifugation.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Direct smear is the primary method used to detect protozoan parasites in an animal

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Ectoparasites leave a dead body as it cools.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

By which method are most endoparasites detected?

Answer 10

Fecal examination

Question 11

Fecal flotation is used to determine if and/or are present in the sample

Answer 11

Parasite eggs; coccidial oocytes

Question 12

Mites in fur samples are visible by eye.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

To detect endoparasites by fecal flotation, sugar may be mixed with the fecal specimen.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Serological tests are used to determine the type of organisms present in a skin scraping sample.

Answer 14

False: PCR is used to determine the type of organisms present in a skin scraping sample.

Question 15

The fecal flotation test requires a larger sample than the one needed for the direct smear.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

An animal may need to be sedated to swab its ear to check for ear mites.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

PCR is more sensitive than a tape test for the detection of pinworm species

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Hematology can assist in the diagnosis of what health problems:

Answer 18

Dehydration
Infection
Anemia

Question 19

Lymphocyctes are produced by the:

Answer 19

lymph nodes

Question 20

A white blood cell count includes quantification for all types of white blood cells.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

What function is served by basophils?

Answer 21

Initiation of inflammatory response.

Question 22

Hemoglobin is the:

Answer 22

oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells

Question 23

A hematocrit is used to determine:

Answer 23

packed cell volume

Question 24

What best describes plasma?

Answer 24

The liquid portion of unclotted blood

Question 25

What test provides information on blood cell morphology?

Answer 25

Peripheral blood smear

Question 26

In most species, which type of white blood cells are most numerous?

Answer 26

Neutrophils/heterophils

Question 27

The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio varies among healthy animals of different species.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a test used to quantify antibodies or antigens in the research laboratory.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Serology is testing of serum for the presence or absence of:

Answer 29

antibodies

Question 30

What is indicated by the red top tubes usually used for serum chemistry testing?

Answer 30

Use of serum for the tests

Question 31

Even at proper temperatures, serum samples cannot be used after 6 weeks of freezer storage.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

In most institutions, a generic antibody test is preformed as an initial screen to quickly identify which antibodies are present in the blood.

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Serum chemistry tests help the veterinarian determine which organ is affected in a sick animal.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

When measuring antibody titer, the lower the titer, the less antibody is present.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Serum should be stored at -18 to 0 degrees Celsius

Answer 35

False

Question 36

Urinalysis can aid in the diagnosis of disease other than those of the urinary system.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

To examine the urinary sediments, the urine should be left undisturbed for several hours before being stained.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

Paper strips used to evaluate urine samples are known as:

Answer 38

dipsticks

Question 39

The measurement of specific gravity is expressed with no units (like mg or ml)

Answer 39

True

Question 40

The best way to obtain a sterile urine sample is to use a catheter inserted into the urethra of the animal.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

A higher urine specific gravity indicates that the urine is less concentrated.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Why can't viruses be co-identified with bacteria if inoculated on the same agar plate?

Answer 42

Viruses do not grow on artificial media

Question 43

Fungal diseases cannot be diagnosed by culturing a sample because they don't grow in culture.

Answer 43

False

Question 44

Viruses can be cultured in?

Answer 44

Cell culture

Question 45

Microbial pathogens are usually identified after being inoculated into nutrient media and left to grow.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

If a sample contains both bacteria and fungi, what is true?

Answer 46

Bacteria grow faster in the culture.

Question 47

Samples obtained for microbiological analyses should be treated with antibiotics before being inoculated on nutrient media.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Most bacteria can be identified based on their growth pattern on agar plates.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

What is the term for the examination of an animal after it's death?

Answer 49

Necropsy

Question 50

A case history is the complete list of findings obtained during necropsy.

Answer 50

False

Question 51

An examination of the animal's cage should be part of the development of the case history of the animal being necropsied

Answer 51

True

Question 52

To preserve tissues for further examination, what is the usual ratio of tissue to fixative used by weight?

Answer 52

1 to 20

Question 53

What items of personal protective equipment should be worn by personnel working with radiation?

Answer 53

Film badge Thyroid shield Lead apron and gloves Goggles

Question 54

Contrast media are used to change the way organs are seen on a radiograph

Answer 54

True

Question 55

For a ventrodorsal view, which part of the animal do the X-rays strike first?

Answer 55

The ventral surface

Question 56

Thermal control is important during diagnostic imaging to prevent the introduction of artifact.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

in bioluminescence, a fluorophore is oxidized and produces a light signal.

Answer 57

False, luciferin is oxidized and produces a light signal

Question 58

Fluorescent imaging may use a genetically modified animal to express a that emits a colored light that can used to measure biological changes.

Answer 58

Fluorophore

Question 59

What imaging technique allows the observation of metabolic processes as they occur?

Answer 59

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 60

During magnetic resonace imaging (MRI), what happens to the hydrogen atoms after they realign with the magnetic field?

Answer 60

They emit a radiofrequency wave that is recorded as an image.

Question 61

What diagnostic imaging technique allows real time moving images to be observed?

Answer 61

Fluoroscopy

Question 62

What are some dangers when working with diagnostic imaging techniques?

Answer 62

Strong magnetic fields Toxic contrast media Ionizing radiation

Question 63

Thermal imaging can be affected by what factor?

Answer 63

Room temperature

Question 64

X-rays cannot penetrate the body but the electrons they produce can.

Answer 64

False

Question 65

What imaging modality uses molecules that produce a certain light wavelength when exposed to ultraviolet light?

Answer 65

Fluorescence

Question 66

Dense areas of the body absorb the most X-rays.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Fluorescence imaging is also known as fluoroscopy.

Answer 67

False

Question 68

Infrared radiation is emitted from all objects.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Leukocytes generally make up what percentage of the total blood volume?

Answer 69

1%

Question 70

Radioactive isotopes can be attached to which molecule in positron emission tomography?

Answer 70

Glucose

Question 71

An example of contrast medium is:

Answer 71

Gadolinium

Question 72

What does the specific gravity of urine measure?

Answer 72

Kidney's ability to concentrate the urine

Question 73

What is a major advantage of fluoroscopy over standard radiography?

Answer 73

It takes moving pictures

Question 74

Thermographic cameras measures what sort of radiation?

Answer 74

Infrared

Question 75

Leukocytes generally make up what percent of the total blood volume?

Answer 75

1%

Question 76

Neutrophils/Heterophils

Answer 76

make up 45% to 75% of the total WBC count.

Question 77

Monocytes

Answer 77

3% to 5% of total WBC count

Question 78

Band cells

Answer 78

immature forms of neutrophils/heterophils. Recognized by their unsegmented nucleus. An increased number of these cells means that the body is making more neutrophils to attack an infection.

Question 79

Lymphocytes

Answer 79

- produced by lymph nodes - 25% to 40% - A large number might indicate the presence of an acute infection or leukemia.

Question 80

Easinophils

Answer 80

2% to 5% | Large concentration of these cells indicates an allergic reaction or the presence of parasites.

Question 81

Basophils

Answer 81

1% of WBC count | -Help initiate the body's inflammatory response

Question 82

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Answer 82

- no nucleus | - source of clotting factors.