Chapter 16 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
The spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for ______.
A
Reflexes
2
Q
The diameter of a typical adult spinal cord is about ______.
A
3/4 of an inch
3
Q
The thoracic part of the spinal cord lies _____ to the cervical part.
A
inferior
4
Q
The thoracic part of the spinal cord contains the neurons for the ______ spinal nerves.
A
thoracic
5
Q
The cervical part of the spinal cord is the ______ most portion of the spinal cord.
A
superior
6
Q
The sacral part of the spinal cord lies ______ to the lumbar part.
A
inferior
7
Q
The sacral part of the spinal cord contains the neurons for the ______ spinal nerves.
A
sacral
8
Q
The spinal cord and its attached spinal nerves are a pathway for ______ impulses.
A
sensory and motor
9
Q
The coccygeal region is the most ______ part of the spinal cord.
A
inferior
10
Q
The spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the ______.
A
foramen magnum
11
Q
The spinal cord ends at the level of the ____ vertebra.
A
L1
12
Q
The cervical part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of ______ neurons.
A
motor
13
Q
These neurons receive input from ______ neurons through these same spinal nerves.
A
sensory
14
Q
The spinal cord in an adult is ______ than the vertebral canal that houses it.
A
shorter
15
Q
The spinal cord is continuous with the ______.
A
medulla oblongata
16
Q
The spinal cord has two longitudinal depressions. These are the posterior ______ and the anterior ______.
A
median sulcus, median fissure
17
Q
A thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx is called the ______.
A
filum terminale
18
Q
The ______ part of the spinal cord is sometimes considered to be part of the sacral region.
A
coccygeal
19
Q
In areas of the spinal cord that control the limbs, the cross-sectional diameter is ______ compared to other areas.
A
larger
20
Q
A typical adult spinal cord ranges between ______ centimeters (cm) in length.
A
41 and 45
21
Q
There are 8 pairs of cervical spinal nerves, but only 7 cervical vertebrae, because the first cervical pair emerges between the ______ and the ______.
A
atlas, occipital bone
22
Q
During development, the individual vertebrae ______ spinal cord growth is complete.
A
continue to grow after
23
Q
The tapering inferior end of the spinal cord is called the ______.
A
conus medullaris
24
Q
The ______ enlargement of the spinal cord contains the neurons that innervate the upper limbs.
A
cervical
25
The spinal cord is associated with ______ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
26
Deep to the subarachnoid space, is a delicate, innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers. This layer is known as the ______.
pia mater
27
The spinal cord is protected and encapsulated by spinal cord meninges, which are continuous with the cranial ______.
meninges
28
Inferior to conus medullaris, nerve roots collectively called the ______ project inferiorly from the spinal cord.
cauda equina
29
The lumbar part of the spinal cord contains the neurons for the ______ spinal nerves.
lumbar
30
Which enlargement of the spinal cord contains axons that extend beyond the conus medullaris, innervating the lower limbs?
Lumbosacral
31
The part of the spinal cord that sometimes is considered to be part of the sacral region is the ______ part.
coccygeal
32
The epidural space contains ______.
adipose connective tissue
33
A narrow space separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater. This space is called the ______ space.
subdural
34
The gray matter of the spinal cord is dominated by the ______ and ______ of neurons.
dendrites, cell bodies
35
Deep to the arachnoid mater is the ______ space, which is a real space filled with ______ fluid.
subarachnoid, cerebrospinal
36
The lateral horns contain the cell bodies of ______ neurons.
autonomic motor
37
Sequence the structures and spaces surrounding the spinal cord from superficial to deep.
1. Bone (vertebra) 2. Epidural space 3. Dura mater 4. Arachnoid mater 5. Subarachnoid space 6. Pia mater
38
The posterior horns are the left and right posterior masses of ______ matter.
gray
39
The spinal cord is partitioned into a ______ gray matter region and a ______ white matter region.
deep, superficial
40
The gray commissure primarily contains ______ axons and serves as a communication route between the right and left sides of the ______ matter.
unmyelinated, gray
41
Lateral horns are found in the ______ parts of the spinal cord only.
T1–L2
42
A posterior funiculus lies between the ______ gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and the posterior median sulcus.
posterior
43
The cell bodies of ______ neurons are found in the posterior horns of the spinal cord.
inter
44
Some of the individual tracts conduct sensory impulses as ______ from the spinal cord to the brain.
ascending tracts
45
Motor axons in a spinal nerve originate in the ______.
spinal cord
46
The gray commissure is a horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds a narrow ______ in the spinal cord.
central canal
47
The two main branches of a spinal nerve are the ventral and ______.
dorsal rami
48
The white matter region on each lateral side of the spinal cord is the ______.
lateral funiculus
49
A typical spinal nerve forms branches after it emerges from the spinal column; they are ______.
posterior ramus, rami communicantes, anterior ramus
50
The axons of ______ neurons and the cell bodies of ______ are located in the posterior horns.
sensory, interneurons
51
The rami communicantes contain axons associated with the ______ nervous system.
autonomic
52
The axons within each white matter funiculus are organized into smaller structural units called ______.
tracts
53
All spinal nerves except ______ innervate a segment of skin, and so each of these nerves is associated with a dermatome.
C1
54
A spinal nerve contains ______ axons.
motor and sensory
55
After leaving the intervertebral foramen, a typical spinal nerve almost immediately splits into branches, termed ______.
rami
56
Each set of rami communicantes extends between the spinal nerve and a ball-like structure called the sympathetic ______.
trunk ganglion
57
A dermatome is a specific segment of ______ supplied by a single spinal nerve.
skin
58
If a person experiences numbness along the medial side of the arm and forearm, which spinal nerve may be damaged?
C8
59
The ______ rami of most spinal nerves form nerve plexuses on the right or left side of the body.
anterior
60
A phenomenon in which pain or discomfort from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome is called ______.
referred visceral pain
61
Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the ______ to become a spinal nerve.
intervertebral foramen
62
Each terminal branch of a plexus contains axons from ______ spinal nerve(s).
several different
63
The principal plexuses are the ______, ______, ______, and sacral plexuses.
brachial, lumbar, cervical
64
One important branch of the cervical plexus is the phrenic nerve, which is formed primarily from the ______ nerve and some contributing axons from ______.
C4, C3, C5
65
The left and right brachial plexuses are networks of nerves that supply the ______.
upper limb
66
Nerve plexuses are organized such that axons from each ______ extend to body structures through several different branches.
anterior ramus
67
Each brachial plexus innervates the ______ and the entire ______ of one side.
pectoral girdle, upper limb
68
Each brachial plexus is composed of anterior rami, trunks, divisions, and ______ when examined from a medial to lateral perspective.
cord
69
The anterior rami of spinal nerves ______ are called intercostal nerves because they travel in the intercostal space sandwiched between ______.
T1–T11, two adjacent ribs
70
The phrenic nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the ______.
diaphragm
71
Nerve C7 becomes the ______ trunk of the anterior rami and nerves C8 and T1 unite to form the ______ trunk.
middle, inferior
72
Each brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves ______.
C5 through T1
73
The components of the ______ plexus extend laterally from the neck, pass superior to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla.
brachial
74
In general, nerves from the anterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that ______ the parts of the upper limb.
flex
75
Nerves from the posterior division of the brachial plexus tend to innervate muscles that ______ the parts of the upper limb.
extend
76
The anterior rami (sometimes called roots) of the brachial plexus are simply the continuations of the ______ rami of spinal nerves ______.
C5 to T1
77
The lateral cord of the brachial plexus is lateral to the axillary artery and is formed from the ______ divisions of the superior and middle trunks; thus, it contains portions of nerves ______.
anterior, C5–C7
78
How many roots form the trunks of the brachial plexus?
5
79
Portions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks divide deep to the ______ into an anterior division and a posterior division, which primarily contain axons that innervate the anterior and posterior parts of the ______.
clavicle, upper limb
80
The median nerve is formed from branches of the ______ cords of the brachial plexus.
median and lateral
81
In the brachial plexus the posterior cord contains portions of ______ nerves.
C5 - T1
82
The radial nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus.
posterior
83
The ulnar nerve innervates the anterior forearm muscles, specifically the medial region of the flexor digitorum ______ and all of the ______ carpi.
profundus, ulnar
84
The median nerve receives sensory information from the ______ side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and the lateral one-half of the ring finger and from the ______ tips of these same fingers.
palmar, dorsal
85
The median nerve receives sensory information from the ______ side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and the lateral one-half of the ring finger and from the ______ tips of these same fingers.
anterior, C5–T1
86
The radial nerve innervates the forearm ______ and the posterior forearm muscles.
extensors
87
The left and right lumbar plexuses are formed from the ______ rami of spinal nerves L1–L4 located lateral to the L1–L4 vertebrae and along the ______ muscle in the posterior abdominal wall.
anterior, psoas major
88
The ulnar nerve arises from the ______ cord of the brachial plexus and descends along the medial side of the arm.
medial
89
The lumbar plexus is subdivided into a(n) ______ division and a ______ division.
anterior and posterior
90
The posterior division nerves of the sacral plexus tend to innervate muscles that ______ part of the ______ limb.
extend, lower
91
The ulnar nerve wraps posterior to the ______ of the humerus and then runs along the ulnar side of the forearm.
medial epicondyle
92
The longest nerve in the body is the ______ nerve.
sciatic
93
The femoral nerve receives sensory information from the ______ and inferomedial thigh as well as the ______ aspect of the leg.
anterior, medial
94
The nerves emerging from a sacral plexus innervate the ______ region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, and almost all of the ______.
gluteal, leg and foot
95
The nerves arising from the anterior division of the sacral plexus tend to innervate muscles that ______ parts of the lower limb.
flex
96
The tibial division of the sciatic nerve innervates the ______.
hamstring
97
The sciatic nerve is actually composed of two divisions wrapped in a common sheath. What are the two divisions?
tibial and common fibular
98
Along the lateral knee, as the common fibular nerve wraps around the neck of the fibula, this nerve splits into two main branches, which are the ______ nerve and the superficial fibular nerve.
deep fibular
99
In the foot, the tibial nerve splits into the ______ plantar nerves, which innervate the plantar muscles of the foot.
lateral and medial
100
The deep fibular nerve supplies the ______ leg muscles and the muscles on the ______ of the foot.
anterior, dorsum
101
The tibial nerve is formed from the ______ divisions of the sciatic nerve.
anterior
102
The common fibular nerve is formed from the ______ division of the sciatic nerve.
posterior
103
The left and right sacral plexuses are formed from the ______ rami of spinal nerves ______ and are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses.
anterior, L4–S4
104
The deep fibular nerve travels in the anterior compartment of the leg and terminates between the ______.
First and second toes
105
What is the location of the muscles on the foot?
The muscles are located on the anterior dorsum of the foot.
106
What divisions of the sciatic nerve form the tibial nerve?
The tibial nerve is formed from the anterior divisions of the sciatic nerve.
107
What division of the sciatic nerve forms the common fibular nerve?
The common fibular nerve is formed from the posterior division of the sciatic nerve.
108
What rami of spinal nerves form the left and right sacral plexuses?
The left and right sacral plexuses are formed from the anterior rami of spinal nerves L4–S4.
109
Where are the sacral plexuses located?
The sacral plexuses are located immediately inferior to the lumbar plexuses.
110
Where does the deep fibular nerve travel and terminate?
The deep fibular nerve travels in the anterior compartment of the leg and terminates between the first and second toes.
