Chapter 18

Question 1

How is the nervous system organized based on consciousness?

Answer 1

The nervous system can be organized into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Question 2

What does the somatic nervous system include?

Answer 2

The somatic nervous system includes a sensory and a motor portion.

Question 3

What activities are under the control of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 3

Voluntary activities of the body, like throwing a ball or walking outside, are under the control of the somatic nervous system.

Question 4

Where is the cell body of a lower motor neuron of the somatic nervous system located?

Answer 4

The cell body is in the brainstem or spinal cord.

Question 5

What neurons are used in the autonomic nervous system signaling pathway?

Answer 5

Motor impulses first use a preganglionic neuron and then a postganglionic neuron.

Question 6

What is the basis for the division of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?

Answer 6

The division is directly based on consciousness.

Question 7

What is the order of signaling events in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 7

1. Stimuli are detected by sensory receptors
2. Sensory input is sent to CNS
3. An impulse is transmitted along the motor pathway to an effector.

Question 8

What are the correct statements about the autonomic motor nervous system?

Answer 8

1. The effector organs are the cardiac muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers, and glands.
2. It is under involuntary control.
3. It uses two neurons in a signaling pathway.

Question 9

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 9

The subdivisions are the parasympathetic division and sympathetic division.

Question 10

How many motor neurons are needed to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 10

One.

Question 11

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system help maintain?

Answer 11

It helps maintain homeostasis.

Question 12

How many motor neurons are needed to stimulate cardiac muscle contraction in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 12

Two.

Question 13

To which division of the autonomic nervous system does the neuron in the figure belong?

Answer 13

Sympathetic.

Question 14

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in the CNS?

Answer 14

Lateral horns of T1-L2.

Question 15

What type of axons are found in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 15

Short postganglionic axons.

Question 16

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the ‘rest-and-digest’ division?

Answer 16

Parasympathetic division.

Question 17

Where are the parasympathetic autonomic ganglia located?

Answer 17

Close to or within the wall of the effector.

Question 18

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division?

Answer 18

Parasympathetic division.

Question 19

Which cranial nerve carries nervous stimulation to thoracic and abdominal organs?

Answer 19

Vagus.

Question 20

Which division of the autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic axons?

Answer 20

Parasympathetic division.

Question 21

Where are the autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic division located?

Answer 21

Close to the vertebral column.

Question 22

What does parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle result in?

Answer 22

Lens accommodation, making the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.

Question 23

Which muscles result in pupil constriction when exposed to bright light?

Answer 23

Pupillary constrictor muscle.

Question 24

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division?

Answer 24

Vagus (CN X), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), Oculomotor (CN III), Facial (CN VII).

Question 25

What is under parasympathetic control from the facial nerve?

Answer 25

Tears, nasal secretion, and saliva.

Question 26

Which division of the autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic axons?

Answer 26

Sympathetic division.

Question 27

What does parasympathetic innervation from the pterygopalatine ganglion cause?

Answer 27

Increased secretion from the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate.

Question 28

Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons terminates at the submandibular ganglion?

Answer 28

Chorda tympani nerve.

Question 29

Which gland receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Answer 29

Parotid gland.

Question 30

Which cranial nerve causes pupil constriction when exposed to bright light?

Answer 30

Oculomotor (CN III).

Question 31

Which autonomic ganglion is located near the junction of the maxilla and palatine bones?

Answer 31

Pterygopalatine ganglion.

Question 32

Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to thoracic organs?

Answer 32

Vagus (CN X).

Question 33

Which autonomic ganglion is located near the angle of the mandible?

Answer 33

Submandibular ganglion.

Question 34

Which autonomic ganglion receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Answer 34

Otic ganglion.

Question 35

What does parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve cause?

Answer 35

A decrease in heart rate.

Question 36

Which blood vessels associate with the anterior and posterior vagal trunks?

Answer 36

Descending abdominal aorta.

Question 37

What nerve causes increased smooth muscle motility in the digestive tract?

Answer 37

Vagus nerve.

Question 38

Which structures receive parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X)?

Answer 38

Ovary, Esophagus, Heart, Lungs.

Question 39

What does parasympathetic innervation of the bladder cause?

Answer 39

Contraction.

Question 40

What effect does the vagus nerve have on the airways?

Answer 40

It causes a decrease in diameter.

Question 41

What is the anatomical name for the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 41

Thoracolumbar division.

Question 42

What must the anterior and posterior vagal trunks pass through to enter the abdominal cavity?

Answer 42

The diaphragm.

Question 43

What effects does parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve have on digestive tract organs?

Answer 43

Increased secretory activity and increased smooth muscle motility.

Question 44

Which cranial nerve is known as the 'wanderer'?

Answer 44

Vagus nerve.

Question 45

What does a sympathetic trunk resemble?

Answer 45

It looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the 'string' and sympathetic trunk ganglia making up the 'pearls'.

Question 46

Which organs receive parasympathetic innervation from pelvic splanchnic nerves?

Answer 46

Rectum, uterus, penis, urinary bladder.

Question 47

Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?

Answer 47

Dilator pupillae muscle of the eye, smooth muscles in blood vessels of neck, sweat glands of the head.

Question 48

Which region of the body receives sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?

Answer 48

Thorax.

Question 49

What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?

Answer 49

Rami communicantes.

Question 50

Where are the sympathetic trunks located?

Answer 50

Immediately lateral to the vertebral column.

Question 51

What do gray rami communicantes allow?

Answer 51

They allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.

Question 52

What are sympathetic splanchnic nerves composed of?

Answer 52

Preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

Question 53

Which part of the cervical sympathetic trunk distributes axons to the head and neck?

Answer 53

Superior cervical ganglion.

Question 54

Where do prevertebral ganglia typically cluster?

Answer 54

Around the origins of the major abdominal arteries.

Question 55

Where do postganglionic axons from the sympathetic division innervating thoracic viscera extend from?

Answer 55

Neuron cell bodies within the middle cervical ganglion and inferior cervical ganglion.

Question 56

What do rami communicantes connect?

Answer 56

They connect the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk.

Question 57

Where is the celiac ganglion located?

Answer 57

Adjacent to the origin of the celiac artery.

Question 58

How do preganglionic sympathetic axons reach the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 58

They are carried through the white rami communicantes.

Question 59

Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?

Answer 59

Spleen, liver, stomach.

Question 60

Where do the lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves terminate?

Answer 60

Superior mesenteric ganglia.

Question 61

Where do splanchnic nerves typically terminate?

Answer 61

Prevertebral ganglia.

Question 62

What do postganglionic axons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion innervate?

Answer 62

The distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder, distal parts of the ureters, and most of the reproductive organs.

Question 63

What systemic changes accompany sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 63

Increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, increased blood pressure.

Question 64

What do postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion innervate?

Answer 64

The distal half of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, the remainder of the small intestine, the proximal part of the large intestine, the kidneys, and the proximal part of the ureters.

Question 65

What sympathetic pathway is used if a preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

Answer 65

Spinal nerve pathway.

Question 66

What does the postganglionic axon do in a postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway?

Answer 66

It extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ.

Question 67

How do abdominal and pelvic organs receive their sympathetic innervation?

Answer 67

Via the splanchnic nerve pathway.

Question 68

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the pupils of the eye?

Answer 68

It causes the pupils to dilate.

Question 69

Which organ does NOT receive postganglionic axons from the superior mesenteric ganglion?

Answer 69

Stomach.

Question 70

What are the primary neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 70

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

Question 71

What do axons that release acetylcholine called?

Answer 71

Cholinergic.

Question 72

What do all preganglionic axons in the autonomic system release?

Answer 72

The neurotransmitter ACh.

Question 73

What do all postganglionic parasympathetic axons release?

Answer 73

The neurotransmitter ACh onto the effector.

Question 74

What do axons that release norepinephrine called?

Answer 74

Adrenergic.

Question 75

From which division is acetylcholine primarily released?

Answer 75

Parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 76

What is the relationship between sympathetic neurotransmitters and receptors?

Answer 76

NE binds to adrenergic receptors.

Question 77

What receptors are present on all ganglionic neurons?

Answer 77

Cholinergic and nicotinic.

Question 78

What type of innervation do visceral effectors receive from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Answer 78

Dual innervation.

Question 79

What is the relationship between parasympathetic neurotransmitters and their receptors?

Answer 79

ACh binds to muscarinic receptors, ACh binds to nicotinic receptors, ACh binds to cholinergic receptors.

Question 80

What receptor types are present on the target cells of sympathetic ganglionic neurons?

Answer 80

Adrenergic and muscarinic.