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Unit 4 > Unit 3 Objectives > Flashcards

Unit 3 Objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the basic components of blood?

A

The basic components of blood include plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

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2
Q

How does blood function in transport, regulation, and protection?

A

Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste; regulates body temperature and pH; and protects against infections.

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3
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A

Plasma consists of water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products.

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4
Q

What are the structural and functional characteristics of erythrocytes?

A

Erythrocytes are biconcave, lack a nucleus, and contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.

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5
Q

What is the significance of the ABO and Rh blood groups?

A

ABO and Rh blood groups are crucial for blood transfusions and organ transplants to prevent immune reactions.

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6
Q

What are the types of leukocytes and their functions?

A

Types of leukocytes include neutrophils (fight infections), lymphocytes (immune response), monocytes (phagocytosis), eosinophils (allergic reactions), and basophils (inflammatory response).

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7
Q

What is the structure and formation of platelets, and their role in blood clotting?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments formed from megakaryocytes and play a key role in hemostasis by forming clots.

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8
Q

What are the basic features of the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, functioning to circulate blood throughout the body.

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9
Q

What are the general patterns of the pulmonary and systemic circulations?

A

Pulmonary circulation carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood to the body.

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10
Q

What is the position and location of the heart?

A

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, and slightly to the left of the midline.

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the pericardium?

A

The pericardium is a double-walled sac surrounding the heart, providing protection and reducing friction.

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12
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A

The three layers are the epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle muscle layer), and endocardium (inner lining).

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13
Q

What is the external anatomy of the heart and its major vessels?

A

The heart has a conical shape with major vessels including the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and veins.

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14
Q

What are the internal anatomic characteristics of each heart chamber?

A

The heart has four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle, each with distinct structures.

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15
Q

How do valves regulate blood flow through the heart?

A

Valves open and close to ensure unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow.

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16
Q

What are the coronary blood vessels?

A

Coronary blood vessels supply blood to the heart muscle and include the left and right coronary arteries.

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17
Q

How do muscle impulses conduct along muscle fibers?

A

Muscle impulses travel through the conduction system, including the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node.

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18
Q

What is autorhythmicity and the heart’s conducting system?

A

Autorhythmicity refers to the heart’s ability to generate its own electrical impulses, regulated by the conducting system.

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19
Q

What is the pattern of blood flow through the heart?

A

Blood flows from the body into the right atrium, to the right ventricle, to the lungs, then to the left atrium, left ventricle, and out to the body.

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20
Q

How does the lymphatic system aid fluid homeostasis?

A

The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance by returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and supports immune function.

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21
Q

What are the components of lymph?

A

Lymph consists of interstitial fluid, proteins, and immune cells.

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22
Q

What types of lymphatic vessels carry lymph?

A

Lymphatic vessels include lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, and lymph ducts.

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23
Q

What is the path of lymph from interstitial tissues to the circulatory system?

A

Lymph flows from interstitial tissues into lymphatic capillaries, through collecting vessels, and into the venous system.

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24
Q

What are the types of lymphoid cells?

A

Types of lymphoid cells include lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

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25
What is lymphocyte formation?
Lymphocytes are formed in the bone marrow and mature in lymphoid organs.
26
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
Organs include lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils, each with specific immune functions.
27
What are the general functions of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, regulates blood pH, and aids in vocalization.
28
What is the structure and function of the nose and nasal cavity?
The nose filters, warms, and humidifies air; the nasal cavity aids in olfaction and resonance.
29
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
The pharynx has three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
30
What is the composition and function of the larynx?
The larynx is composed of cartilage and mucosa, functioning in sound production and protecting the airway.
31
What is the structure and function of the trachea?
The trachea is a tubular structure lined with ciliated epithelium, conducting air to the bronchi.
32
What is the bronchial tree, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?
The bronchial tree branches from the trachea into bronchi and bronchioles, leading to alveolar ducts and alveoli for gas exchange.
33
What is the structure and function of the pleura?
The pleura are membranes surrounding the lungs, reducing friction during breathing.
34
What is the anatomy of the lungs?
The lungs consist of lobes, bronchi, and alveoli, with a rich blood supply from pulmonary and bronchial arteries.
35
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Pulmonary ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
36
What are the actions of the skeletal muscles of breathing?
Skeletal muscles such as the diaphragm and intercostals contract to facilitate inhalation and exhalation.
37
How does the thoracic cavity change during respiration?
The thoracic cavity expands during inhalation and contracts during exhalation, altering pressure to facilitate airflow.
38
What are the digestive tract organs?
Digestive tract organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus.
39
What are the basic functions of the digestive system?
The digestive system processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
40
What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food, while chemical digestion involves enzymatic breakdown.
41
What is the structure and function of the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth?
The tongue aids in taste and swallowing; salivary glands produce saliva for digestion; teeth mechanically break down food.
42
What is the structure of the pharynx?
The pharynx is a muscular tube connecting the mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx.
43
What is the peritoneum and mesenteries?
The peritoneum is a serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity; mesenteries support and suspend abdominal organs.
44
What are the four tunics in the GI tract wall?
The four tunics are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
45
What is the structure and function of the esophagus?
The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the throat to the stomach.
46
What is the gross anatomy of the stomach?
The stomach has regions including the fundus, body, and pylorus, and functions in food storage and digestion.
47
What is the gross anatomy of the small intestine?
The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and is the primary site for nutrient absorption.
48
What is the gross anatomy of the large intestine?
The large intestine includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus, and functions in water absorption and waste elimination.
49
What is the anatomy and microscopic anatomy of the liver?
The liver has lobes and is composed of hepatocytes, playing a key role in metabolism and detoxification.
50
How do secretory products travel through the biliary apparatus?
Secretory products travel from the liver through bile ducts to the gallbladder and then to the duodenum.
51
What is the gross anatomy and microanatomy of the pancreas?
The pancreas has both endocrine (insulin production) and exocrine (digestive enzyme secretion) functions.
52
What are the primary organs of the urinary system?
Primary organs include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
53
What are the functions of the urinary system?
The urinary system filters blood, removes waste, regulates fluid balance, and maintains electrolyte levels.
54
What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of the kidneys?
The kidneys consist of the renal cortex, medulla, and pelvis, with nephrons as the functional units.
55
What is the path of blood flow into and out of the kidney?
Blood flows into the kidney via the renal artery, is filtered in the glomerulus, and exits through the renal vein.
56
What are the components of a nephron?
A nephron consists of a renal corpuscle, renal tubules, and collecting ducts, playing a key role in urine formation.
57
What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of the ureters?
Ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, lined with transitional epithelium.
58
What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary bladder?
The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine, lined with transitional epithelium for expansion.
59
What is the difference between the female and male urethra?
The female urethra is shorter and solely for urine, while the male urethra is longer and serves both urinary and reproductive functions.
60
What are the similarities between the female and male reproductive systems?
Both systems produce gametes, hormones, and have structures for reproduction.
61
What are the components of the perineum in females and males?
The perineum includes the external genitalia and anal region in both sexes.
62
What are the components of the female reproductive system?
Components include ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia.
63
What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of the ovaries?
Ovaries contain follicles and produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
64
What is the anatomy of the uterine tubes?
Uterine tubes transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and are the site of fertilization.
65
What are the regions of the uterus?
Regions include the fundus, body, and cervix, each with distinct functions.
66
What is the anatomy of the vagina and external genitalia?
The vagina is a muscular canal; external genitalia include the vulva and clitoris.
67
What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of the mammary glands?
Mammary glands produce milk and consist of lobules, ducts, and adipose tissue.
68
What are the components of the male reproductive system?
Components include testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis.
69
What is the gross and microscopic anatomy of the testes?
Testes produce sperm and hormones, consisting of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells.
70
What is the anatomy and function of the male accessory reproductive organs?
Accessory organs include seminal vesicles and prostate, contributing fluids to semen.
71
What are the components of the penis?
The penis includes the shaft, glans, and erectile tissues, functioning in sexual reproduction and urination.

Unit 4 (9 decks)

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