Unit One Objectives Flashcards
(34 cards)
What are the similarities and differences between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy studies the structure of body parts, while physiology studies their functions.
What is microscopic anatomy and its subdivision?
Microscopic anatomy involves the study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification, including histology and cytology.
Define gross anatomy and compare its sub-disciplines.
Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the naked eye, including regional and systemic anatomy.
Rank the major levels of organization in the human body from least to most complex.
The levels are: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
List the 11 organ systems of the body and their major organs.
The systems are: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive.
What is the anatomic position and its significance?
The anatomic position is standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms facing forward; it serves as a standard reference for anatomical terminology.
What are the three common anatomic planes?
The three planes are sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse.
Compare and contrast the proper terms to describe directions in the body.
Terms include superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, and proximal/distal.
Define the terms that describe major regions of the body.
Major regions include the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
What are the body cavities and their subdivisions?
Major cavities include the cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.
Describe the composition and function of a serous membrane.
Serous membranes consist of a layer of mesothelium and underlying connective tissue; they reduce friction between organs.
Identify and list the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The regions are: right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac.
Describe the general functions of human body cells.
Functions include metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.
What are the main components of a typical cell?
The main components are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
Describe the contents of a prototypical cell.
A prototypical cell contains organelles, cytosol, and inclusions.
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
What are the three parts of a cell’s cytoplasm?
The three parts are cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.
Identify and describe the structures and functions of cellular organelles.
Organelles include mitochondria (energy production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), and the endoplasmic reticulum (protein and lipid synthesis).
Describe the contents and function of the nucleus.
The nucleus contains chromatin and nucleolus; it regulates gene expression and cell division.
Compare and contrast chromatin and chromosomes.
Chromatin is the relaxed form of DNA, while chromosomes are condensed and visible during cell division.
What are the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands; it functions in protection, absorption, and secretion.
Describe the specialized features of an epithelium.
Specialized features include polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascularity, and regeneration.
Explain the structure and function of each type of epithelial tissue.
Types include simple squamous (diffusion), cuboidal (secretion), columnar (absorption), stratified (protection), and transitional (stretching).
Where is each type of epithelial tissue found in the body?
Simple squamous is found in alveoli; cuboidal in glands; columnar in intestines; stratified in skin; transitional in the bladder.
