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Human Biology > Chapter 16 and 17 course packet > Flashcards

Chapter 16 and 17 course packet Flashcards

1
Q

The first 22 pairs of sex chromosomes are

A

Autosomes

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2
Q

Female sex chromosomes are truly what?

A

Homologous xx

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3
Q

What chromosomes do the males have?

A

X and a very short Y

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4
Q

What is Sry?

A

Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome

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5
Q

One gene on the Y chromosome is called?

A

Sry

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6
Q

When does Sry become active?

A

When the embryo is about 6 weeks old

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7
Q

Up to about 6 weeks, both male and female embryos are what?

A

Anatomnically identical

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8
Q

If the Sry is present in only XY chromosomes what happens?

A

Germ cells and the cells immediately around them begin to develop into testes at about 7 weeks

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9
Q

If the Sry is absent then what?

A

Cells begin to develop into ovaries

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10
Q

The cells that become the male gonad (testes), begin to secrete and release what

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

What does the releasing of testosterone signal

A

The further developlment of the male sexual organs in the embryo & the male secondary sexual traits at puberty

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12
Q

The cells that become the female gonad (ovary), begin to secrete and release what

A

Estrogen & eventually progesterone

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13
Q

What does the releasing of estrogen and progesterone signal

A

The further development of the female sexual organs in the embryo & the female secondary sexual traits as puberty

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14
Q

What are the 5 male reproductive organs

A

1) 2 testes
2) 2 epididymis
3) 2 Vas deferens
4) 2 Ejaculatory ducts
5) Penis

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15
Q

3 Male accessory glands

A

1) 2 Seminal vesicle
2) Prostate gland
3) 2 Bulbourethral gland

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16
Q

Function of testes

A

Seminiferous tubules: sperm production; Leydig cells: sex hormones

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17
Q

Function of Epididymis

A

Sperm maturation site; & further from the testis, sperm storage

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18
Q

Function of Vas deferens

A

Rapid transport of sperm

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19
Q

Function of Ejaculatory duct

A

After seminal vesicle, conduction of sperm to the penis

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20
Q

Function of the penis

A

Organ of sexual intercourse

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21
Q

Function of the seminal vesicle

A

Secretion of fructose & prostaglandins, a large part of semen

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22
Q

Function of Prostate gland

A

Secretion of buffers and other substances that become part of semen

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23
Q

Function of the bulbourethral gland

A

Secretion of lubricating mucus

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24
Q

Where can the Leydig cells be found

A

Found between seminiferous tubules of the testes

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25
Fertile males operate w/in what
A narrow range of circulating male hormones
26
The meiosis is easily seen when
Looking at a cross-section of a seminiferous tubule & moving from the outside in
27
What is the order of the cell (genome) for meiosis
1) Spermatogonium (2n) 2) Primary spermatocyte (2n) 3) Secondary spermatocyte (n, but still replicated DNA) 4) Early spermatids (n) 5) Late spermatids (n) 6) Immature sperm (n) 7) Mature sperm (n)
28
What is the meiotic stage for Spermatogonium
Mitosis
29
What is the meiotic stage for primary spermatocyte
Meiosis 1
30
What is the meiotic stage for Secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis 2
31
Location of Spermatogonium
Outermost cells within the tubule walls
32
Location of primary spermatocyte
Cells just inside the spermatogonia
33
Location of secondary spermatocyte
Numerous smaller cells in the mid-wall
34
Location of early spermatids
Yet smaller cells nearer to the cavity
35
Location of late spermatids
Inner cells still attached to the tubule wall
36
Location of immature sperm
Sperm cells now released into the cavity start to head to the epididymis
37
Location of mature sperm
In the epididymis, furthest from the testes
38
Included structures of a sperm
1) Acrosome 2) Head 3) Midpiece 4) Tail
39
Acrosome of a sperm is
Enzyme-rich cap enables sperm to penetrate all the "stuff" around ovum
40
Head of a spermis
Important, contains haploid DNA
41
Midpiece of a sperm is
Mitochondria supplying ATP's for microtubule movement
42
Tail of a sperm is
Microtubules propel sperm to egg
43
The 5 female reproductive organs are
1) 2 Ovaries 2) 2 Oviducts 3) Uterus 4) Cervix 5) Vagina
44
Function of the ovaries
Oocyte production & maturation; estrogen & progesterone secretion
45
Function of the oviducts
Conduction of oocyte from ovary to uterus, usual site of fertilization
46
Function of the uterus
Chamber of embryo & fetal development, myometrium & endometrium
47
Function of the cervix
Narrowed entry in uterus, secretes mucus which enhances sperm movement into uterus & forms a bacterial barrier after fertilization
48
Function of the vagina
Organ of sexual intercourse, birth canal
49
Estrogen is secreted by
The ovaries
50
Both FSH & LH are involved in negative feedback loops just like in the male, except the females hypothalamus is sensing
Circulating blood levels of estrogen & progesterone
51
During the menstrual cycle while the GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH & LH, there is a specific
Mid-cycle surge of LH that triggers ovulation at about day 14 of the cycle
52
What are the 3 phases of menstrual cycle
1) Follicular phase 2) Ovulation 3) Luteal phase
53
Follicular phase is
Days 1-5 Endometrium breaks down, menstruation; low estrogen, progesterone, FSH LH Days 6-13 Hypothalamus: increase GnRH, anterior pituitary: increase FSH & LH, to maturation of one follicle to estrogen increase to gradual thickening of endometrium Day 13 & midcycle surge of LH
54
Ovulation phase
Day 14 Secondary oocyte relseased from ovary; FSH & LH decrease; estrogen stabilizes, progesterone begins to increase
55
The luteal phase is
Day 15-28 Corpus luteum established, estrogen secretion is maintained & progesterone increases, Endometrium thickens & ripens for implantation of fertilized egg
56
If no pregnancy occurs during the phases what happens
Back to day 1 as corpus luteum degenerates, decrease of estrogen & progesterone levels
57
In the female fetus several million primary oocytes will enter
Meiosis 1 but stop before meiosis 1 is complete
58
At birth, primary oocytes number is about what
2 million
59
At age 7, only how much oocytes remain
About 300,000 remain still in a state of arrested meiosis 1 (prophase 1)
60
At puberty, meiosis will resume what at a time
One oocyte at a time starting with the first menstrual cycle
61
How many oocytes will develop and be released until menopause
About 400-500
62
What is the order for the cell (genome)
1) Primary oocyte in primordial follicle 2) Primary oocyte in maturing follicle 3) Secondary oocyte in mature follicle 4) Secondary oocyte 5) Secondary oocyte will actually not undergo meiosis 2 until sperm penetrates into cytoplasm
63
Meiotic stage for Primary oocyte in primordial follicle
Arrested meiosis 1
64
Meiotic stage for Primary oocyte in maturing follicle
Arrested meiosis 1
65
Meiotic stage for Secondary oocyte in mature follicle
Only meiosis 1 completed
66
Meiotic stage for secondary oocyte
Only meiosis 1 completed
67
Characteristic of primary oocyte in primordial follicle
Very few follicular cells surround oocyte
68
Characteristic of primary oocyte in maturing follicle
Zona pellucida then antrum develops
69
Characterisic of secondary oocyte in mature follicle
1st polar body formed, follicle protrudes slightly from ovarian surface
70
Characteristic of secondary oocyte
Ovulates when LH triggers follicle ruptures
71
When are the 2nd & 3rd polar bodies formed
When the sperm penetrates into the cytoplasm
72
What is required for male fertilization
High count of motile/functional sperm
73
What is required for female fertilization
Functional menstrual cycles w/ regular ovulation, open oviducts for conductiong both egg and sperm, and ovulations timed with monthly endometrial thickening
74
What are the 3 birth control aspects
1) Correct & consistent use of most contraceptive methods results in a low risk of pregnancy 2) Contraceptives pose little risk to a user's health, although personal risk factors should influence personal choice 3) Half of all pregnancies are unintended (~3 million each year)
75
The hypothalamus senses what?
blood vessels of testosterone & inhibin
76
If blood levels are LOW what happens
If blood levels low, hypothalamus will secrete GnRH
77
The anterior pituitary secretes what into the blood stream
Anterior pituitary secretes FSH & LH into blood stream
78
Which of the male organs are set in motion
Testes "set in motion"
79
If testes or overstimulated what happens
If testes are overstimulated, sertoli cells will secrete inhibin for HIGH sperm counts
80
One the hypothalamus senses the low blood levels what happens next
Then turn GnRH down decreasing FSH & LH secretion which then decreases testosterone secretion & sperm production by the testes

Human Biology (42 decks)

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