Chapter 8 Course Packet

Question 1

The organ order from “top to bottom”

Answer 1

1. Oral Cavity » 2. Pharynx » 3. Esophagus » 4. Stomach » 5. Small intestine » 6. Large intestine » 7. Rectum » 8. Anus

Question 2

The four basic layers of the GI tract

Answer 2

1. Mucosa- Epithelial lining through which food may pass
2. Submucosa- Connective tissue with blood lymph vessels, and nerves
3. Smooth muscle layer- Usually inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
4. Serosa- Outer dense connective tissue covering

Question 3

The 5 tasks performed by various parts of the tube

Answer 3

1. Mechanical processing and motility
2. Secretion
3. Digestion
4. Absorption
5. Elimination

Question 4

Starting in the mouth, the mechanical breakdown of food; the breaking up, mixing and propelling of food along entire tube

Answer 4

Mechanical processing and motility

Question 5

Release of digestive enzymes into the lumen (also starts in the mouth)

Answer 5

Secretion

Question 6

The chemical breakdown of food into molecules that can be absorbed

Answer 6

Digestion

Question 7

Passage of molecules and fluid across tube wall into blood or lymph

Answer 7

Absorption

Question 8

The expulsion of whatever is left that can’t be digested or absorbed

Answer 8

Elimination

Question 9

The role of the teeth, tongue, hard palate and 3 sets of major salivary glands > saliva=mostly H2O + salivary amylase +buffers + mucins

Answer 9

Mastication

Question 10

Once swallowed, the food is called a bolus. Begins with voluntary movements, soon become an involuntary reflex

Answer 10

Swallowing

Question 11

In the esophagus, we begin to see wave like contractions of the circular smooth muscle layer

Answer 11

Peristalsis

Question 12

Carbohydrate digestion begins

Answer 12

In the mouth

Question 13

Protein digestion begins

Answer 13

In the stomach

Question 14

Digestion of nearly all carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids is completed in

Answer 14

The small intestine

Question 15

What is the stomachs roles

Answer 15

1. It stores and mixes food bolus
2. Secretions kill microbes and dissolves the bolus into a liquid mixture called chyme
3. Regulates the rate in which chyme enters the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter

Question 16

The 3 regions of the small intestine (starting from the pyloric sphincter) are?

Answer 16

1. Duodenum
2. Jejum
3. Ileum

Question 17

Carbohydrate digestion

Answer 17

Carbohydrate is digested to glucose, which is actively transported into the cells of intestinal villi. From there glucose moves into the blood stream

Question 18

Describe protein digestion

Answer 18

Proteins are digested to amino acids, which are actively transported into the cells of intestinal villi. From there, amino acids move into the bloodstream

Question 19

Describe Fat digestion

Answer 19

Fats are emulsified by bile and digested to monoglycerides and fatty acids. These diffuse into cells, where they recombine and join with proteins. These lipoproteins, called chylomicrons, enter a lacteal

Question 20

Glands that secrete products to a epithelial free surface to the body’s exterior

Answer 20

Exocrine

Question 21

Glands that secrete products (called hormones) to somewhere in the body’s interior (usually through the circulatory system)

Answer 21

Endocrine

Question 22

Exocrine function of the two parotid glands, two submandibular glands, two sublingual glands

Answer 22

Salivary Glands

Question 23

Enzyme that breaks down long carbohydrate “chains” of starch into disaccharide “links” of sugar

Answer 23

Salivary amylase

Question 24

Exocrine function in the liver

Answer 24

Secretes bile ( ≈1.5 L/day), bile salts, together with pancreatic enzymes, aid in fat digestion

Question 25

Filtration function in the liver

Answer 25

Filters out some foreign particles, removes any toxins (like ethanol), inactivates certain chemicals, and (with the spleen) removes old worn out RBC's

Question 26

Forms metabolic waste products like urea for ultimate excretion by kidneys; recycles/restores factors needed for RBC production

Answer 26

Metabolic function

Question 27

Excretes urea and the liver also excretes cholesterol into bile

Answer 27

Excretory function

Question 28

Exocrine function in the pancreas

Answer 28

A plethora of digestive enzymes

Question 29

Endocrine function in the pancreas

Answer 29

Insulin and glucagon enters the blood stream to function in glucose metabolism

Question 30

Only accessory organ to produce digestive enzymes to all four biological macromolecules

Answer 30

Pancreas

Question 31

Elimination includes the

Answer 31

1. Large intestine 2. Rectum 3. Anus

Question 32

If nutrients are not absorbed by the time things reach the large intestine what happens?

Answer 32

It's not going to be absorbed

Question 33

The large intestine (a.k.a. the colon), has four distinct regions (not including the cecum and appendix:

Answer 33

1. Asending colon 2. Transverse colon 3. Desending colon 4. Sigmoid colon

Question 34

Whatever is left unabsorbed in the lumen of the large intestine is concentrated into?

Answer 34

Feces by the reabsorption of salts and water

Question 35

If peristalsis is too fast,

Answer 35

There is NOT enough time to fully reabsorb the H2O, resulting in diarhea

Question 36

If peristalsis is too slow,

Answer 36

There IS too much time to reabsorb H2O, resulting in constipation

Question 37

When do the GI tract feedback loop controls kick in?

Answer 37

BEFORE food is absorbed into the internal environment

Question 38

What are the three pathways of stimuli reception?

Answer 38

1. Food in the gut lumen 2. Sight, smell and taste of food to the central nervous system (CNS) 3. Emotional states

Question 39

What are feedback responses through?

Answer 39

The GI smooth musculature and GI exocrine and endocrine glands

Question 40

Is revised periodically in response to most recent nutritional research: aimed primarily at balancing caloric intake with the three basic types of nutrients

Answer 40

Food pyramids

Question 41

The body's preferred energy source; found in the starchy fibers of whole grain, rice, fleshy fruits, and legumes. Not found in processed sugar, corn syrup, or sweeteners

Answer 41

Carbohydrates

Question 42

Found in corn oil, olive oil, some other polyunsaturated fat.

Answer 42

Lipids

Question 43

Out of 20 common amino acids, 8 are "essential" most animal protein are "complete" meaning their amino acids ratio match human nutritional needs

Answer 43

Protein

Question 44

The amount of energy it takes to sustain the body when a person is resting, awake, and has not eaten in 12-18 hours

Answer 44

Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR)

Question 45

What you read on package labels as "calories" is actually kilocalories this entains the calories going in

Answer 45

Energy contained in foods

Question 46

Plus the BMR entails the calories going out

Answer 46

Calories expended in activités

Question 47

A state in which body functions or development suffers due to inadequate or unbalanced dietary intake

Answer 47

Malnutrition

Question 48

Insufficient calories or nutrients to sustain proper growth, development, and body functioning. Most common form of malnutrition

Answer 48

Undernutrition ( or starvation )

Question 49

Weakness, weight loss and lower immunity,even with near normal caloric intake

Answer 49

Protein-energy malnutrition

Question 50

Classic syndrome of chronic protein-energy malnutrition; lack of growth, swollen abdomen (edema due to decreased plasma proteins) decreased immunity

Answer 50

Kwashiorkor

Question 51

Body wasting disease with deficient protein and food calories

Answer 51

Marasmus

Question 52

Estimated that 1/6 of human population has Fe deficient anemia

Answer 52

Anemia

Question 53

Vitamin A deficiency (leading cause of preventable blindness

Answer 53

Xeropthalmia

Question 54

Iodide deficiency in adulthood; swellness of the thymus

Answer 54

Goiter

Question 55

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 55

Scurvy

Question 56

Vitamin B deficiency

Answer 56

Beriberi

Question 57

Vitamine D deficiency

Answer 57

Rickets

Question 58

What are some examples of exocrine gland secretions

Answer 58

Sweat and saliva

Question 59

Exocrine glands secrete products to

Answer 59

the outside of the body

Question 60

Endocrine glands secrete products

Answer 60

into the bloodstream, which remains within the body