Chapter 18 Flashcards by Sandra Perez

Q

Disorders of the immune system may be result of

A

Over-reacting or under-reacting

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Q

An over-reaction of an immune response against a foreign antigen

A

Hypersensitivites

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Q

4 types of hypersensitivity

A

Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

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Q

Type I

A

Immediate

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Q

Type II

A

Cytotoxic

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Q

Type III

A

Immune complex-mediated

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Q

Type IV

A

Delayed or cell mediated

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Q

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

A

Localized or systemic

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Q

Rwaction that reults from the relaease of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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Q

Develops within seconds or minutes following exposure to an antigen

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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Q

Commonly called an allergy

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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Q

The antigens that stimulate allergies are called allergen

A

Type I (Immediated) Hypersensitivity

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Q

The antigens that stimulate allergies are called

A

Allergen

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Q

Mechanisms of a type I hypersensitivity reaction

A

1) Antigen-presenting cell, engulfs allergen, and exposes the atigen to Th2 (type II helper T-cell)
2) Th2 release IL-4 —> B-cell
3) B-cell –> Plasma cell
4) Plasma Cell secretes IgE
5) The Fc portion of IgE bind to mast cells, Basophils and Eosinophills, sensitizing them to subsequent

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Q

Subsequent exposure to same alergen binds to IgE on the surface of Mast cells Basophils and Eosinophils These cells release inflammatory chemicals from granules called

A

Degranulation

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Q

During degranulation what is released

A

Histamin 
Kinins
Protease
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins

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Q

Occurs after cels sensitized

A

Dengranulation

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Q

Derived from stem cells in bone marrow, distributed throughout body (______)

A

Mast cells

Not Wbcs

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Q

Least numerous wbc, (granular wbc)

A

Basophils

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Q

dilates blood vessels, tears, mucous, contractions of smooth muscle (swollen)

A

Histimines

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Q

Inflammation

A

Kinins

Q

Degrades proteins, activates complement

A

Proteases

Q

Inflammation, vascular permeability

A

Leukotrienes

Q

Contract and relax smooth muscle

A

Prostaglandins

Function primarily for parasitic worms release leukotrines which increase vascular permeability and muscular contraction

Eosinophils

Clinical signs of localized allergic reactions

Localized

Site of reaction depends on portal of entry

Localized

Small inhale allergens may reach lungs and cause _________

Asthma

COntrisction of bronchi

Asthma

Some foods contain allergens

May cause diarrhea and other gastorintestinal signs and symptoms

Local dermatitis may produce ________

Urticaris

Urticaris

raised red areas of skin, itchy b/c histamine affecets nerve endings in area

Common allergens

Pollen Dust mites Spore

Clinical signs of systemic allergic reactions

Systemic

Many mast cells may degranulate at once

releasing large amounts of histamine and inflammatory mediators

The release of inflammatory mediators may

exceed the body's ability to adjust

The release of inflammatory mediators may exceed the body's ability to adjust may result in

acute anaphylaxis or andphylactic shock

Clinincal signs of acute anaphylaxs or anaphylactic shock

suffoction

Diagnosis of type I hypersensitivity based on

detection of high levels of IgE against specific allergen

Diagnosis of type I sample of blood is taken and mixed with

antigen to determine the IgE quantity in blood

What type of blood sample is taken in type I hypersensitivity

Immunocap specifies IgE blood test

Type I | Alternatively, diagnoses can involve using skin test:

Inject dilute allergen into skin of forearm observe for any inflammation

Prevention of type I hypersensitivity

Identification and avoidance of allergens

Food allergens identified using an

elimination diet

Immunotherapy __________ can help prevent allergic reactions

"Allergy shots"

"allergy shots" administration of a series of injections of

dilute allergen

Treatment of type I hypersensitivity

administer drugs that counteract infammatory mediators

.

Neutralize histamine

Treat asthma with Corticosteroid (counteracts a inflammatory mediator) and a _____________.

.

________ neutralizes many mechanisms of anaphlaxis

.