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Microbiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that takes up space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

The smallest chemical unit of matter

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Negatively charged subatomic particles circling a nucleus

A

Electrons

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4
Q

Structure containing neutrons and protons

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Uncharged Particles

A

Neutrons

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6
Q

Positively charged particles

A

Protons

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7
Q

Composed of a single type of atom

A

Element

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8
Q

Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus

A

Atomic number

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9
Q

(Atomic Weight): sum of masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

Atomic mass

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10
Q

Atoms of a given element that differ in the number of _________ in their nuclei

A

Neutrons

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11
Q

Releases energy during radioactive decay

A

Unstable isotopes

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12
Q

What is an example of a Unstable isotopes?

A

Carbon 14

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13
Q

In Electron configuration only the ______ of atoms interact, so they determine atoms chemical behavior

A

electrons

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14
Q

How many electrons are in the first shell, which is first?

A

2 electron

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15
Q

How many electrons are in the outer subsequent shells?

A

8 Electrons

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16
Q

Valence electrons are electrons in outer most shell that ________________.

A

interact with other atoms

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17
Q

_________ are satisfied when their outermost shell is full.

A

Atoms

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18
Q

Atoms combine by sharing or transferring valence electrons to satisfy their outer e-shell

A

Chemical bond

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19
Q

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (may be the same kind of atom)

A

Molecule

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20
Q

A molecule composed of more than one kind of element

A

Compound

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21
Q

All Compounds are ________ but not all molecules are ________.

A
  • Molecules

- compounds

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22
Q

sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms

A

a covalent bond

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23
Q

an attraction of atom for electron

A

electronegativity

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24
Q

The more _________ an atom, the greater the pull its nucleus experts on electrons

A

electronegativity

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25
Nonpolar covalent bonds have _______Charge
-NO
26
- Shared electrons spend equal amount of time around each nucleus - Atoms with similar eletronegativites - No poles exist
Non-Polar covalent bonds
27
Contains carbon and hydrogen atoms
Organic compounds
28
Unequal sharing of electrons due to significantly different electronegativities
Polar covalent bonds
29
____________ due to significantly different electronegitities.
Unequal sharing of electrons
30
-Most important polar covalent bonds involve hydrogen
Allow for hydrogen bonding
31
Occur when two atoms with vastly different electronegativities come together.
Ionic Bonds
32
Atoms have either positive (_____) or negative (_____) charges
- Cation | - Anion
33
Cation and anions attract each other and form _____ bonds (no electrons shared)
Ionic bonds
34
The partially negative portion of H20 attracts to ______
Cation
35
The partially positive portion of H20 attracts to the ______.
Anion
36
Water is a ______________
-Universal solvant
37
- Weak forces that combine with polar covalent bonds | - Electrical attraction between partially charged H+ and Full or partial negative charge on same or different molecules
Hydrogen Bonds
38
Hydrogen bonds are weaker then covalent bonds but essential for life but many help to ______________.
Stabilize 3-D shapes of large molecules
39
The making or breaking of chemical bonds involve _________________.
reactants and product
40
__________ involves chemical reactions of living thingss
Biochemistry
41
- Involves the formation of larger, more complex molecules | - Require energy
Synthesis reaction
42
Most common type of synthesis reactions is ______________
Dehydration sythesis
43
All the sythesis reactions in an organism are called ___________.
anabolism-building
44
- Break bonds within larger molecules to form smaller atoms, ions, and molcules - Release energy (exothermic) - Most common type is _______ - water is split, and added to products
Decomposition reaction
45
All decomposition reactions in an organism are called
Catablosim
46
- Involve breaking and forming covalent bonds, and involve endothermic and exothermic steps - involve atoms moving from one molecule to another
Exchange Reactions
47
Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism is called ___________.
Metabolism
48
Most abundant substance in organisms | Most of its special characteristics due to two polar covalent bonds
Water
49
Water is a _______ molecules - surface tension
Cohesive
50
Water is also a excellent ________.
Solvent
51
Remains liquid across wide range of temperatures and can absorb significant amounts of energy without changing temperature and can participate in many chemical reactions
Water
52
Surface tension can also help cells
Stay Stable
53
_______ dissociated by water into components cations and anions
Acids and bases
54
_________ dissociates into one or more H+ and one or more anions
Acids
55
_______ blinds with H+ when dissolved into water; some dissociated into cations and OH-
Base
56
_______ requires relatively constant balance of acids and bases
Metabolism
57
________ prevent drastic changes in internal pH
Buffers
58
A compound that dissociate in water into cations and anions other than H+ and OH+
Salts
59
Cations and anions of salts are _________
electrolytes
60
Electrolytes
- Create electrical difference between inside and outside of a cell - Transfer electrons from one location to another - Form important components of many enzymes
61
Large molecules used to make up cells of all orgaisms
Macromolecules
62
Macromolecules include
- Lipids - carbohydrates - proteins - nucleic acid
63
-basic building blocks of macromolecules
Monomers
64
Functional groups
- Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms | - A specific arrangement of molecules which have recognizable charateristices
65
Lipids not composed of regular subunits, but are all hydrophoic. include________________
- Fat - Phospholipids - waxes - steriods
66
Contains one long-chain fatty acid covalently linked to long-chain alcohol by ester bond
Waxes
67
Waxes are
completely insoluble in water; lack hydrophilic head
68
Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of
- Carbon - Hydrogen - Oxygen
69
Carbohydrates functions
- Long-term storage of chemical energy - Ready energy source - Part of backbones of nucleic acid - convert to amino acids - form cell walls - Involved in intracellular interactions between animals cells
70
What types of carbohydrates is there
- Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides
71
Delta is ____ | Beta is ____
Down | Up
72
Proteins
are mostly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
73
Function of a protein
- Structure - Enzymatic catalyusis - Regulation - Transportation - Denfese and Offense
74
Monomers that make up proteins
Amino acids
75
Most organisms use only ________ in the synthesis of proteins
21 amino acids
76
__________ affect how amino acids interact with one another and how a protein interacts with other molecules
Side groups
77
A _____________ is formed between amino acids by dehydration synthesis reaction
Covalent bond (Peptide bonds)
78
(Nucleic acids ) _______ the genetic material of organisms
DNA and RNA
79
______ also acts as enzymes, binds amino acids, and helps form polypeptides
RNA
80
_______ monomers of nucleic acid polymers
Nucleotides
81
Nucleotides are composed of three types
-Phosphate =Pentose sugars -One of five cyclic nitrigenous bases
82
Nucleic Acids structure - ______ bonds form between C and G - ______ bonds form between T and A in DNA pr between U and A in RNA
- Three H | - Two H
83
DNA is ______ in most cells and viruses
Double stranded
84
Two strands are _______
Complementary
85
Two strands are _______
Anti-Parallel
86
Nucleic Acid function
- DNA is genetic material of all organisms and of many viruses - Carries instructions for synthesis of RNA and proteins; controls synthesis of all molecules in an organism

Microbiology (26 decks)

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