Chapter 3 Flashcards by Sandra Perez

are the smallest unit of life.

Cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Living organisms exhibit

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells vary in

Complexity
Size
Structure
Metabolic processes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryotes

Lack nucleus

Composed of bacteria, archaea

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryotes _____various structures bound with phospholipids membranes

Lack

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prokaryotes are small, ~1.0 um in diameter

simpler cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Have nucleus and internal membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eukaryotes are lager, 10-100 um in diameter ______.

more complex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Alae 
protozoa
fungi
animals
plants

Eukaryotes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______: Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell, composed of polysaccharides and or polypeptides, protect against _______.

Glycocalyces

Desiccation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

There are two type of Glycocalyces

Capsule

Slime Layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemical firmly attached to cell’s surface and may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host

Capsule

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Loosely attached to cell surface, water soluble, and sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

Slime Layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Responsible for movement, extend beyond cell surface. Are not present on all bacteria

Flagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structures:

20nm in diameter, ~10-20um long. flagellin

Filament

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structures:

Protein that connects filament to basal body

Hook

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structures:

Anchors filament and hook to cell wall by a rod and a series of either two or four rings of integral proteins

Basal body

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some spirochetes have flagella at both ends, which spiral around the cell called _______

endoflagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

endoflagella make up ________, which wraps around the cell.

Axial filament

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endoflagella and Axial filament use

Corkscrew propulsion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rotation propels bacterium through fluid environment

Flagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rotation reversible; can be counterclockwise or clockwise

Flagella

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flagella rotate at _______, fueled by H+ or NA+

100,000 RPM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bacteria move in response to _____.

Stimuli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Postive taxis

Toward

Negative taxis

Away

Movement toward light

photo taxis

Movement toward chemicals

Chemo taxis

Rod-like proteinaceous extensions

Fimbriae and pil

Sticky, bristlelike projections

Fimbriae

Fimbriae used by bacteria to ______ to one another, to hosts, and to substances in enviroment

Adhere

Shorter the Flagella

Fimbriae

Fimbriae serve an important function in _____.

biofilms

Masses of bacteria bound by fimbriae orglycocalyx (Capsule)

Biofilms

Pili aka

Conjugation pili

Tubules composed of _____

Pili

Bacteria typically only have one or two per cell

Pili

Pili mediate the _______ from one cell to another in ______.

Transfer of DNA | Conjugation

Bacterial Cell Walls are composed of _________ provides structure, shape and protection of the cell from osmotic forces

Peptidoglycan

Assist some cells in attaching to other cells or in resisting antimicrobial drugs (some drugs target cell wall)

Bacterial cell walls

what gives bacterial cells characteristic shapes

Cocci bacillus

2 Basic types of bacterial cell walls

Gram-positive and gram-negative

Peptidoglycan is composed of alternating _________ structurally simiar to glucose

NAG | NAM

Thick peptidoglycan contain technic cell linked to lipids (lipotechoic acids)

Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell walls

Up to 60% mycolic acid in _______ helps cell survive desiccation

Acid-Fast bacteria

Gram-positive has

multiple layers

1 thin layer of peptidoglycan

Gram-Negative

Gram-negative bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan contains phospholipids, protein, and ___________.

lipopolusaccharide (LPS)

Gram-positive | Lipid portion of LSP know as _______, a toxin which can affect humans

Lipid A

Outside peptidoglycan layer LPS contains

lipid A

_______ describes current understanding of membrane structure

Fluid mosaic

Referred to as phospholipids bilayer

Structure

Bacterial cytoplasmic membranes Function

Selectively permeable

proteins allows substances to cross membrane, maintains concentration and electrical gradient, energy storage, harvest light energy

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane | selectively permeable

(a) Diffusion-

through the phospholipid bilayer

(B) Facilitated diffusion

Through a nonspecific channel protein

through a pemease specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in the channel protein

(D Osmosis

The diffusion of water throgh a specific water channel protein of through the phospholipid bilayer

Prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane (transport) | -ATPase protein, requires ATP to move substances against its electrochemical gradient

Active transport

moves one substance at a time

Uniport

Simultaneous movement of 2 substances in opposite directions

Antiport

2 Substances move together in same direction

Symport

during transport, the substance is chemically modified

Group Translocation

liquid portion of cytoplasm, contains ions, protein, ribosomes for portein synthesis and nucleoid

Cytosol

Plays a role in forming the cells basic shape

Cytoskeleton

Unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions

endospores

what are the 7 steps in endospore formation?

1) DNA is replicated 2) Cytoplasmic membrane invaginates to form forespore 3) Cytoplasmic membrane grows and engulfs forespore within a second membrane vegetative cells' DNA disintegrates 4) A cortex of peptidoglycan is deposited between the membranes; meanwhile, dipicolinic acid and calcium ions accumulate within the center of the endospore 5) Spores coat forms around endospores 6) endospore matures; completion of spore coat increase in resistance to heat and chemicals by unknown processes 7) endospore in released from original cell

The external structure of archaea: | Function in the formation of biofilms; adhere cells to one another and inanimate objects

Gycocalyces

consist of basal body, hook, and filament; numerous differences with bacterial flagella (size,aa)

Archaea; Flagella

many archaea have fimbriae, some make fimbriae-like structures called hami; hook, function to attach archaea to surfaces

fimbriae and hami

Most archaea have cell walls which ____________, contain varitey of specialized polysaccharides and proteins

lack Peptidoglycan

All Archaea have cytoplamic membrane

Maintain electrical and chemical gradients | control import and export of substances from the cell

Absent from eukaryotes with a cell wall

glycocalyces

the external sructure of eukaryotic cells: | gycocalyces: absent from eukaryotes with a cell wall

- never as organized as prokaryotic capsules - help anchor animals cells to each other - streghtern cell surfaces - provide protection against dehydration - function in cell to cell recongnition and communication