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Microbiology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemicals that affect physiology in any manner are

A

Drugs

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2
Q

drugs that act against disease

A

Chemotherapeutic gene

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3
Q

impairs normal function of tissue or organ.

A

Disease

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4
Q

Drugs that treat infections

A

Antimicrobial agents

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5
Q

infective agent, establishes residence in a host

A

Infection

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6
Q

“Magic bullets” chemicals killed microbes

A

Paul Ehrlich

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7
Q

Discovered sulfanilamide 1st antimicrobial agent which effective against a wide variety of microbe infections

A

Gerhard Domagk

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8
Q

Other organisms (streptomyces) produce antimicrobial agents .. coined the term antibiotics

A

Selman waksman

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9
Q

Chemically altered antibiotics that are more effective than naturallly occuring ones

A

Semi-syntheetics

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10
Q

antimicrobials that are completely synthesized in a lab

A

synthetics

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11
Q

(is fundamental) toxic to pathogen, not host

A

Selective toxicity

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12
Q

Because prokaryotic bacteria are signigicantly different in structure, composition, and metabolism, antibacterial drugs constitute largest number and diversity of

A

antimicrobial agents

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13
Q

Fewer drugs to treat eukaryotic infections, and viruses

A
  • Eukaryotic pathogens are more similar to humans

- Viruses are intracellular parasites of humans

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14
Q

Prevent bacteria from increasing amount of peptidoglycan, having no effect on existing peptidoglycan layer
Effective only for growing cells

A

Inhibition of bacterial wall synthesis

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15
Q

Most common agents, prevent cross-linkage of NAM subunits

A

Beta-lactams (most prominent) in preventing cross-linkage of NAM

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16
Q

Functional group which bind to enzymes that cross-link NAM subunits results in weakend bacterial cell wall and lysis

A

Beta-Lactams

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17
Q

Examples of Beta-lactams

A

Penicillans and cephalosporins

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18
Q

Beta lactams rings are the functional portion of the ______________.

A

Beta-lactum anti-microbials

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19
Q

Inhibition of synthesis of bacterial walls

A
  • Semi-synthetic derivatives of beta-lactams
  • more stable in acidic environment
  • more readily absorbed
  • less susceptible to deactivation
  • more active against more tupes of bacteria
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20
Q

Inhibiation of synthesis of bacterial walls

Interfere with particular brdge that link NAM subunits in many gram-postive

A

Vancomycin and Cycloserine

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21
Q

Inhibiation of synthesis of bacterial walls

blocks secretion og NAG and NAM from cytoplasm to cell wall

A

Bacitracin

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22
Q

Inhibiation of synthesis of bacterial walls

Disrupt mycolic acid (tuberculosis) formation in mycobacterium

A

Isonlazid and ethambutol

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23
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Prokaryotic ribosoes

A

70s (30s and 50s)

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24
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Eukaryotic ribosomes

A

80s(60s and 40s)

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25
Inhibition of protein synthesis Drugs can selectively target prokaryotic ribosomes, (without affecting Euk. ribsosomes) preventing translation ... notranslation, no proteins.... death
eukaryotic
26
Inhibition of protein synthesis Mitochondria of animals and humans contain
70s ribosomes
27
Inhibition of protein synthesis Change shape of 30s subunit
Aminoglycosides
28
Inhibition of protein sy Example of Aminoglycosides
(steptomycin and gentamicin
29
Inhibition of protein sy Black A-site of ribosomes (block tRNA binding)
Tetracyclines
30
Inhibition of protein sy Block enzymatic site of 50s Subunits
Chloramphenicol
31
Inhibition of protein synthesis Bind to a portion of 50s, prevent movement to next codon (3)
Lincosamides Streptogramins Macrolldes
32
Inhibition of protein synthesis RNA and ssDANA which bind to complementary mRNA of pathogens
Antisense nucleic acids
33
Inhibition of protein synthesis Block formation of 50s and 30s subunits
Antisense nucleic acids
34
Block iniiation of translation
Oxazolidinones
35
Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes | Some drugs form channel through cytoplasmic membrane and
damage its integrity
36
Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes (antifungal drugs) form a channel in membrane, destroy integrity
Polyenes
37
Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes Examples of polyenes
Amphotericins B attaches to ergasterol in fungal membranes
38
Disruption of cytoplasmic membranes | antifungal drugs) inhibit of synthesis of ergosterol (membrane isnt intact
Azole and Allylamines
39
Fungal similar to choresterol
Ergosteral
40
Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane by amphotericin B | (bacteria lack sterols), typically not affected polyenes (amphotericin B) interacts with
Ergosterol and form apore in fungi
41
inhibition of Metabolic pathways affect the metabolism of the pathogen and not the host
Antimetabolic agents
42
inhibition of Metabolic pathways Class of antimetabolic drugs, chemically similar to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)
Sulfonamides
43
inhibition of Metabolic pathways _______ outcompete for active sites of PABA, and eventually slow production of DNA and RNA,,,, cell death
Sulfonamides
44
Inhibtion of Nucleic Acid Synthesis (3)
- Several drugs block DNA replication or mRNA transcription - Drugs often affect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells - Not normally used to treat infections, used in research
45
Inhibtion of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Interfere with funcation of nucleic acids
Nucleotide analogs
46
Inhibtion of Nucleic Acid Synthesis nucleotide analogs
Distort shapes of nucleic acid molecules and prevent further replication, transcription, or translation - MOst ofter used a against viruses - effective against rapidly dividing cancer cells
47
Sugar and nitrogenous base (missing a PO4^3-)
Nucleoside
48
Inhibtion of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Act against reverse transcriptase enzyme HIV uses in its replcation cycle
Reverse transcriptase inhinitors
49
Inhibtion of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Do not harm peope because humans lack reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
50
Inhibtion of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Prevention of virus attachment
Attachment antagonists block viral attachment or receptor proteins so viral pathogen fails to enter host -New area of antimicrobial development
51
Clinical Cosiderations in prescribing Antimicrobial drugs | Ideal antimicrobial agents
- Readily available - enexpensive - Chemically stable - Easily administered - Nontoxic and nonallergenic - Selectively toxic against wide range of pathogens
52
number of different pathogens a drug acts against
Spectrum of action
53
__________effective against few organisms
Narow -spectrum drugs
54
_______________effective against many organisms
Broad-spectrum drug
55
May allow for secondary or superinfections to develop because normal microbiota may be killed reducing microbial antoganism
Broad-spectrum
56
Specific classes of drugs are used for specific pathogens, some drug can target
Multiple pathogens
57
Efficacy is ascertained by | __________: disks of antibiotics are placed on agar with microbial lawn, zone of inhibition is measured
Diffesion susceptibility test
58
Efficacy is ascertained by _____________: broth dilution test of antimicrobials, determines smallest (drug) to inhibit microbe growth and reproduction
Minimum nhibitory concentration test
59
Efficacy is ascertained by | ___________: broth dilution test of antimicrobials, determines smallest (drug) to kill microbe
Minimum bactericidal concentration test
60
Routes of adminstration ______________ of drug for external infections
Topical application
61
Efficacy is ascertained by _________ requires no needels and is self administered
Oral route
62
Efficacy is ascertained by ___________ delivers drug via needl into muscle
Intramuscular administration
63
Efficacy is ascertained by ____________ delivers drug directly to bloodstream
Intravenous adminstration
64
Must know how antimicrobial agent will be distributed to infected tissue
Efficacy is ascertained by
65
Safety and Side Effects | Toxicity
- Cause of many toxic reactions poorly understood - Drugd may be toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves - Consideration needed when prescribing druug to pregnant woment (drugs pass from placenta to fetus)
66
Safety and Side Effects | Allergies
Allergic reactions are rare but may be life threatening
67
Life threatening allergic reactions
Anaphylactic shock
68
The development of resistance in populations
some pathogens are naturally resistant
69
Resistance by bacteria acqured in 2 ways
Mutations of gene may result in resistance | Acquisition of R-plasmid via transformation, transduction, and conjugation
70
Mechanisms of microbial resistance (6)
1) producation of enzymes that destroys or deactivates drug 2) slow or prevent entry of drug intio the cell 3) Alter target of drug so it binds less effectively 4) alter their metabolic chemistry 5) pump antimicrobial drugs out of the cell before it can act 6) producation of protien which prevents binding of drigs
71
How B-lactams renderspenicillin inactive
B-lactams (penicillinase) breaks covalent bond in lactam ring of penicillin, redering it inactive
72
Multiple resistance and cross resistance
Pathogen can acquire resistance to more than one drug - Common when R-plamids exchange - Develop in hospitals and nursing homes - -Constant use of drugs eliminates sensitive cells, resistant strains more prominent
73
Maintain high (drug) in patient for sufficient time; kill all sensitive cells and inhibit other so immune system can destroy
Retarding resistance
74
Use antimicrobials only when necessary - develop new vaiaionts of exsiting drugs - Search for new antibiotics, semi- synthetics, and synthetic
retarding resistance
75
Use antimicrobial agents in combination of
Synergism
76
1 drug enchances effectiveness of another drug
Synergism

Microbiology (26 decks)

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