Chapter 19 - Decolonisation in Africa and Asia

Question 1

What was the first reason for decolonisation?

Answer 1

Economic impact of WW2
Couldn’t then afford to fight against nationalist movements

Question 2

What was the second reason?

Answer 2

The changed international situation
USA + USSR hostile to imperialism
Dependent on USA for economic support

Question 3

What was the third reason?

Answer 3

Emergence of powerful nationalist movements

Question 4

What was the forth reason?

Answer 4

Changing priorities in Europe
Full employment + rising living standards
Less dependent on colonies
EEC refocused trade in Europe

Question 5

What were decisions to abandon empire influenced by?

Answer 5

Specific developments rather than immediate post-war shift in thinking

Question 6

What was the main aim in policy in Africa post-war?

Answer 6

For development so they could contribute to B economy

Question 7

What did the B make?

Answer 7

Colonial Development Corporation

Question 8

What did the war increase in Africa?

Answer 8

Nationalist movements
Industry had to be established to support war + spread around more cities + towns that were created

Question 9

What did Andrew Cohen say in 1947?

Answer 9

Head of African Department in Colonial Office
Gold Coast had strength + maturity to rule themselves but wouldn’t happen for at least a generation

Question 10

What did B administrators anticipate in the war?

Answer 10

The growing educated elite would want more representation
Wanted to do this gradually

Question 11

What did the Burns Constitution 1946 for the Gold Coast say?

Answer 11

Made Legislative Council of 12 B nominees + 18 elected African members
Power still with B Govenor

Question 12

What party pressured B administration?

Answer 12

The Convention People’s Party (CPP)
Founded by Kwame Nkrumah

Question 13

What did they force the B to do?

Answer 13

Legislative Assembly + people who could vote increased
Nkrumah was jailed 1950
1951 66% of seats to CPP

Question 14

Who was then made the PM in 1952?

Answer 14

Nkrumah

Question 15

What followed this?

Answer 15

1956 plebiscite joined Togoland to GC
1957 full adult suffrage + renamed to Ghana
Nkrumah became more authoritarian

Question 16

What was drawn up in 1946 in Nigeria?

Answer 16

The ‘Richards Constitution’
3 Assemblies for each major region was created as the country was ethnically and regionally divided

Question 17

What made the B take away this constitution?

Answer 17

Nationalist movements

Question 18

What did the Macpherson Constitution 1951 do?

Answer 18

Extended the right to vote
Created National Council of Ministers

Question 19

What did this do?

Answer 19

Stimulated growth of Nigerian political parties

Question 20

How did they get to full independence in 1960?

Answer 20

Govt was formed drawn up by 3 B officials + 9 ministers from all the regional parties to have balance

Question 21

Where else did B make reforms and independence faster?

Answer 21

Sierra Leone 1961
Gambia 1965

Question 22

What factors made independence in East Africa more violent?

Answer 22

Urbanisation
Greater political awareness
Political activism
Nationalism
Labour disputes

Question 23

What other factors increased protests?

Answer 23

Population increases
High inflation
Poor housing
Overcrowding

Question 24

What schemed failed to make peasants support nationalism?

Answer 24

Tanganyika Ground Nut Scheme
There was need for cooking oil after war
Money was put into harvesting
Land was difficult to cultivate
Cost £49 million

Question 25

What event weakened B morality?

Answer 25

Harming Kikuyu people in Mau Mau uprising

Question 26

When was Tanganyika granted independence as Tanzania?

Answer 26

1961

Question 27

When did Uganda get independence?

Answer 27

1962

Question 28

When did Kenya get independence?

Answer 28

1963

Question 29

What Statute meant South Africa had dominion status + white minority ruled?

Answer 29

Statute of Westminster

Question 30

What party won power in 1948 and implemented apartheid?

Answer 30

Afrikaner Nationalist Party

Question 31

What was international opinion of SA?

Answer 31

Critical

Question 32

What did the B refuse to do for SA?

Answer 32

Hand over Bechuanaland + Basutoland + Swaziland

Question 33

What did the white people of SA vote in 1961?

Answer 33

To become a republic + leave the commonwealth

Question 34

What places did B try to influence to counter-balance SA influence?

Answer 34

Northern Rhodesia - copper Southern Rhodesia - agricultural Nyasaland - undeveloped

Question 35

What was created for the 3 countries in 1953?

Answer 35

A Central African Federation

Question 36

What did its constitution include?

Answer 36

Protection of African rights

Question 37

What emerged from the limited African representation in the Federal Assembly?

Answer 37

Nationalist leaders They were arrested

Question 38

What did B do in 1961?

Answer 38

Released the leaders Drew up new constitutions

Question 39

When was the CAF dissolved?

Answer 39

1963

Question 40

Who lead Northern Rhodesia to independence?

Answer 40

Kenneth Kaunda

Question 41

Who led Nyasaland to independence?

Answer 41

Dr Hastings Banda

Question 42

What happened in Southern Rhodesia?

Answer 42

When CAF looked bad white settlers supported new Rhodesian Front Party Won elections + PM Smith illegally called it independent B sanctions unsuccessful Long guerrilla war with nationalists + white people

Question 43

Why did B grant independence to Burma?

Answer 43

Violent activities of nationalists Aung San + AFPFL

Question 44

What were the outcomes of the talks with Aung San + Attlee's govt?

Answer 44

Agreed on elections for a Constituent Assembly 1947 AFPFL couldn't agree Aung San + 6 others assassinated by political rivals Civil war

Question 45

What was Burma's relationship with B then like?

Answer 45

Burma rejected joining Commonwealth

Question 46

why were Singapore + Malaya still important to B?

Answer 46

Malaya = producer of rubber Singapore = naval + military base

Question 47

Why did B have problems re-establishing themselves in the Malay Peninsula?

Answer 47

Ethnic tensions with Chinese + Indians + Malay peoples

Question 48

What organisations represented them?

Answer 48

Malays = United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) Chinese = Malay Chinese Association (MCA) or Malay Communist Party (MCP)

Question 49

What were the Chinese part of between 1945 + 1948?

Answer 49

Labour unions + strikes

Question 50

Why was there a high percentage of Chinese in Malaya?

Answer 50

1957 = 44% B needed labour for tin mines + rubber plantations

Question 51

What was created given ethnic tensions?

Answer 51

Federation of Malaya

Question 52

What problems did it have?

Answer 52

Post-war economic circumstances Chinese grievances

Question 53

Why was a State of Emergency called in 1948?

Answer 53

Rebel attacks on rubber plantations B used military force + B commissioner Sir Henry Gurney was killed

Question 54

When had order been restored?

Answer 54

1952 With promise of eventual independence

Question 55

What was made in 1957 to draw up a new democratic constitution?

Answer 55

The Reid Commission

Question 56

What did the B exchange?

Answer 56

Colonial rule for informal influence

Question 57

What happened in 1963?

Answer 57

Malaya united with Singapore but then 2 years later Singapore was expelled from the federation

Question 58

Who only had the vote in Singapore?

Answer 58

B people 10% of pop

Question 59

What were the political parties in Singapore?

Answer 59

SSP - Singapore Progressive party - cons Labour Front PAP - People's Action Party - lab UMNO/MCA - United Malays National Organisation /Malays Chinese Association

Question 60

Who persuaded B in 1957 for Singapore's full self-govt?

Answer 60

Lim Yew Hock He took strong action against communists

Question 61

What act meant it would still be part of empire?

Answer 61

State of Singapore Act 1958

Question 62

What did the B put Singapore a part of that didn't work?

Answer 62

Federation of Malaya

Question 63

When did it become fully independent in its own right?

Answer 63

1965