Chapter 22 - Attitudes To Empire - Role And Influence Of Individuals

Question 1

What influenced dissatisfaction in imperial rule?

Answer 1

Growth in skills, knowledge + understanding

Question 2

Who was the nationalist leader in Malaya?

Answer 2

Onn Jaafar

Question 3

What was his political affiliation?

Answer 3

UMNO
United Malays National Organisation
He was moderate

Question 4

Where was he educated?

Answer 4

English private school

Question 5

What were his actions?

Answer 5

Founded UMNO
Campaigned against Malay union which was established by the B govt
Organised rallies

Question 6

What did he represent?

Answer 6

Purely Malay interests
Not Indian or Chinese

Question 7

Why did Onn strangely resign from UMNO?

Answer 7

They rejected his idea that it should be open to all races

Question 8

Who then became its leader + the PM of Malaya?

Answer 8

Tunku Abdul Rahman

Question 9

Who was the Nationalist leader in Ghana?

Answer 9

Kwame Nkrumah

Question 10

Where did he study and who was he inspired by?

Answer 10

USA
Karl Marx + Black leaders

Question 11

What did he help organise in 1945 in Manchester?

Answer 11

5th Pan African Congress

Question 12

What did he become in the Gold Coast?

Answer 12

General secretary

Question 13

What happened when brief riots happened?

Answer 13

B arrested him

Question 14

What did the radical supporters of Nkrumah create?

Answer 14

Convention’s People Party

Question 15

What did Nkrumah initiate a campaign of?

Answer 15

‘Positive action’
Non-violent protests, strikes + noncooperation with B

Question 16

When did he become the president of the Gold Coast (later Ghana)?

Answer 16

1957
Until 1966

Question 17

What did his leadership style turn into?

Answer 17

Authoritarian

Question 18

What did he become the figurehead for?

Answer 18

African nationalism

Question 19

What of his influenced other countries like B?

Answer 19

His political philosophy

Question 20

Who was the nationalist leader in Nigeria?

Answer 20

Nnamdi Azikiwe

Question 21

Where did he get education?

Answer 21

USA

Question 22

Who was he a mentor for?

Answer 22

Nkrumah

Question 23

What was he a founder of?

Answer 23

NCNC
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons

Question 24

What did he do that was significant?

Answer 24

Secured independence by bargaining and not letting the country break up in anarchy

Question 25

Why was this significant?

Answer 25

He was able to persuade B that it was possible for the various regional ethnic groups to work successfully within a federal system + B wasn't necessary

Question 26

Who was the main nationalist leader in Kenya?

Answer 26

Jomo Kenyatta

Question 27

How did he get his education?

Answer 27

First contact with missionaries was at a hospital Learnt English + other subjects at school and paid by working for a European settler

Question 28

What political group did he join?

Answer 28

East African Association (EAA) - wanted to retrieve land back from B Then changed to Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)

Question 29

How did he gain support?

Answer 29

Wrote a monthly Kikuyu language newspaper called 'He who brings together'

Question 30

What did he write in a letter to London as the challenges the KCA were fighting?

Answer 30

1. Returning land 2. Increase faculties for education 3. Taxes on huts for women (some had to go into prostitution to afford it) 4. Representation on legislative council 5. Noninterference in traditional customs

Question 31

When did Kenyatta become president?

Answer 31

At independence in 1963

Question 32

What did Kenyatta encourage the political structure of Kenya to be?

Answer 32

Capitalist Encouraged foreign investment Economy grew Economic divides increased - he became wealthy

Question 33

Although he allowed other ethnicities to be in govt who did he still prioritise?

Answer 33

The Kikuyu

Question 34

How did he mainly stay in power?

Answer 34

Killed opposition

Question 35

Who was the main nationalist leader in Malawi?

Answer 35

Hastings Banda

Question 36

What was he the president of?

Answer 36

Nyasaland African Congress

Question 37

What was he made responsible for?

Answer 37

Increasing African resentment + disturbances Making anti-federation speeches with touring

Question 38

When did he become the PM under new name of Malawi?

Answer 38

1963

Question 39

What was his method of leadership?

Answer 39

Autocratic Made himself leader for life 1971 Jailed or killed opponents

Question 40

What did he want to improve?

Answer 40

Infrastructure + Agricultural productivity

Question 41

Who were the main colonial administrators?

Answer 41

Sir Andrew Cohen Sir Charles Ardern-Clarke Sir John Macpherson Sir Gerald Templer

Question 42

What was Sir Andrew Cohens role in the British Empire?

Answer 42

Governor of Uganda

Question 43

What actions did he do?

Answer 43

Was the UK representative to the United Nations Trusteeship Council In 1959 was a member of the Special Mission to Samoa to negotiate its independence from New Zealand

Question 44

What influenced these actions?

Answer 44

Treatment of Africans in the colonies + apartheid

Question 45

Was he successful?

Answer 45

Helped provide blue print for independence in the colonies

Question 46

What role did Sir Charles Ardern-Clarke have in the BE?

Answer 46

First General Governor of Ghana

Question 47

What actions did he do?

Answer 47

Released + brought Nkrumah to power Helped diffuse volatile situation with riots + strikes Helped manage relations with Nkrumah + Ashanti politicians

Question 48

Was he successful?

Answer 48

His acceptance of the Africans and his attitude towards Kwame Nkrumah likely contributed to Ghana's relatively smooth transition to independence

Question 49

What was Sir John Macpherson's role in the BE?

Answer 49

Governor of Nigeria

Question 50

What actions did he take?

Answer 50

Made Macpherson Constitution that provided for "semi-responsible government" Accelerated the Africanization of the Nigerian public service

Question 51

How successful was he?

Answer 51

Macpherson Constitution failed Still helped an independent Nigeria It didn't collapse into separatism, anarchy or civil war

Question 52

What was Sir Gerald Templer's role in the BE?

Answer 52

High commissioner and commander‐in‐chief in Malaya

Question 53

What did he do?

Answer 53

Implemented strategies that contributed to the defeat of Malayan National Liberation Army in Malayan emergency Approved controversial policies - relocated ethnic minorities + forced conscription + scorched earth

Question 54

Was he successful?

Answer 54

No as Malaya became independent in 1957