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Alevel British Empire > Chapter 8 - Imperial And Colonial Policy > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Imperial And Colonial Policy Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Who continued to have overall responsibility of the empire?

A

The Colonial Office

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2
Q

Why was decision making difficult sometimes?

A

Treasury, War Office and other departments could conflict

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3
Q

What was a similarity about rule in India + Egypt?

A

Both denied self-rule

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4
Q

Who was the head in India?

A

The Viceroy backed by Indian Civil Service
(All white from Oxford or Cambridge)

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5
Q

What was their job?

A

Make sure regime was secure
Natives didn’t rebel
India was profitable

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6
Q

Why was there a limit on administrators?

A

They were expensive with large pensions

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7
Q

What did that mean rule relied more on?

A

The collaboration of natives

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8
Q

How did India modernise?

A

Extension of railways
Spread of education
(More could read English)

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9
Q

How did the B create a ‘Anglo-Indian’ elite?

A

Acknowledged some educated Indians and in provincial councils made them more representative

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10
Q

How did this work?

A

The people who were capable of starting nationalist risings saw B rule as best road to the future

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11
Q

Who was active in Indian reforms?

A

Viceroy Curzon

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12
Q

What was he aware of?

A

Critisms of B rule from ‘middle class’ Indians
Indian National Congress
(1885 est to campaign for home rule)

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13
Q

What did the Congress do?

A

Opened proceedings with B national anthem
Criticised B trading arrangements + restraints on Indian industry + heavy taxes

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14
Q

Where else did pressure come from?

A

Social + Humanitarian groups
‘The servants of Indian Society’ active with ‘Untouchable’ community that wanted to see reform with old laws + practices

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15
Q

What did Curzon create?

A

The Imperial Cadet Corps 1901
Gave native princes + elite figures military training + ‘special’ officer commissions

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16
Q

What else did he reform?

A

Universities
Police
Lowered taxes
Adopted Gold standard - ensured stable currency
Set up new Commerce + Industry + Agricultural department
Sponsored research
Irrigation

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17
Q

What did Curzon decide in 1905?

A

Bengal should be seperated

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18
Q

Who was in the East and West?

A

East - Muslim majority
West - Hindu majority

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19
Q

Why was it not popular?

A

Hindu elite had land in East that they leased to Muslim peasants

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20
Q

What did the Hindus see this as?

A

Pay-back for their criticisms of B rule

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21
Q

What was done in retaliation?

A

Strikes
Protests
Boycotts of B goods

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22
Q

Who led the campaigns?

A

Surendranath Banerjee
(Had been president 2 times of INC)

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23
Q

Who supported the partition?

A

The Muslim elite

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24
Q

What did they create?

A

The All Indian Muslim League
(Safeguarded the rights of Indian Muslims)

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25
What was the division used to justify?
B control - 'only way to reduce religious conflict'
26
What happened in 1911?
Bengal was reunited after political protests
27
What was the All Indian Muslim League's goal in 1913?
To have a self governing India
28
Who came after Curzon?
Minto
29
What reforms did he create with John Morley?
The Morley-Minto Reforms “The reforms included the admission of Indians to the Secretary of State's council, to the viceroy's executive council, and to the executive councils of Bombay and Madras, and the introduction of an elected element into legislative councils with provision for separate electorates for Muslims.”
30
What did the Indian Councils Act of 1909 allow?
27 Indians to be elected from provincial constituencies to Viceroy's Council - advise Viceroy + make laws
31
What did further democratic reforms in 1910 do?
135 Indians could secure seats in subcontinent - greater part in govt
32
What Viceroy came after Minto?
Hardinge
33
What event did he use to reunite Bengal in 1911?
King-Emperor George V visit to India
34
Where did Harding’s move the capital of India to?
From Calcutta to Delhi To a Muslim majority to undermine Hindu activists
35
What was held to celebrate George V being the Emperor?
A Durbar 1911
36
What did Hardinge sign India up for without the populations permission?
1914 WW1
37
What was the response?
Mostly supported + accepted it Raised hopes for 'new deal' once war was over
38
How much did George V Durbar cost?
£2 million in todays money
39
When did B assume direct rule and turn Egypt into a Protectorate?
1914
40
What was it before this?
A 'veiled protectorate' B ruled all affairs Technically still belonged to Turkey with Sultan above the Khedive
41
What were hinderances to B rule?
Capitulations Caisse de la Dette Mixed courts
42
What were Capitulations?
Any new Egyptian law affecting Europeans had to be approved by govts of all countries represented in Egypt - slowed down law making
43
What was the Caisse de la Dette?
Group of countries that controlled E finances 50% of revenue went to pay bond-holders Members of the Caisse could stop E money being spent of things they disapproved of
44
What are the Mixed Courts?
Set up to to deal with cases involving both Egyptians + British Egyptian judges not always in favour of B
45
What did B + France sign in 1904?
Entente Cordiale Agreed B rights to Egypt Agreed French rights to Morocco
46
What did this eliminate?
Caisse de la Dette Others couldnt control decisions Still paid bond-holders
47
Who acted as an 'adviser' to the Khedive between 1883+1907?
Evelyn Baring
48
What was in the Egyptian parliament?
Advisory Council of Laws + General Assembly All had 'support' of a British adviser
49
What happened if they resisted B advise?
They were dismissed
50
How many B were working in Egyptian govt?
1885 = 100 1905 = 1,000
51
What was Baring's main task?
To regularise Egyptian financial affairs
52
How much debt had Khedive Isma'il got into?
£70 million debt To European bond-holders
53
What did he do to help this?
Cutback military + bureaucracy Improved communications Invested in irrigation schemes Improved conditions for labourers Better sanitation + health services in towns
54
What had happened in 10 years?
Exports of cotton + sugar trebled Population rose from 7 - 10 million
55
What was created under Sir John Aird?
The Aswan Dam - 1902 18 metres high Built to hold back waters of the Nile Took 6 years to build + £2 million Allowed half mil acres of desert to be irrigated for year round cultivation
56
What reforms were in the army?
6,000 B troops put there to stop disturbances Under control of Kitchener
57
Where were other changes made?
Law courts Police Education - wary of this from effects in India
58
When was the first university founded?
Not until 1909
59
Who became Egypt's largest employer with the rise in tourism?
Thomas Cook & Son Jobs in hotels, houseboats, excursions
60
What had become popular?
Wealthy Britons 'winter' in Egypt They liked the pyramids + Nile Guidebooks discouraged people from talking to the locals
61
What started in the 1890s?
A growing middle-class nationalist movement attacking B for the Khedive's govt doing little to help the poor
62
What mostly fuelled this?
Newspapers
63
What did they complain about?
B only interested in cotton production to help Lancashire trade when those jobs would've provided for the unemployed Lack of opportunities for the educated
64
Who did a National Party include?
Egyptian professionals
65
What did they want?
To end B rule + have representative govt
66
What did Cromer do with these demands?
Largely ignored them Did appoint a nationalist as Minister for Education
67
What was the Deshawai incident?
1906 B officers angered residents for pigeon shooting for sport near their village Pigeons were bred for food by villagers Officers gun went off and wounded wife of Muslim prayer leader Officer fleeing collapsed + died in heat Other soldiers saw body + killed villager that they accused as the assassin
68
What were the other punishments?
52 arrested 4 sentenced to death 1 life sentence 26 hard labour
69
Who came after Baring?
Gorst
70
What did he do?
Brought more Egyptians into govt positions imposed tighter censorship of the press in 1909 Put more restrictions on rights to stop nationalism
71
Who provided funds to fuel anti-B sentiment?
The Germans
72
Who increased B dominance in his consulship?
Kitchener
73
What replaced the Advisory Council of Laws and General Assembly in 1913?
A new Legislative Assembly 66 elected members Represented rich land owners rather than ordinary Egyptians
74
What was Egypt in the coming of WW1?
Made a protectorate Khedive was deposed Hussein Kamel = Independent Sultan under B protection
75
What was control mostly in the Dominions?
Symbolic as didn't cost them anything
76
What did B rely on these countries for?
Status and power
77
Who were used usually to uphold B rule?
Local Elites Princes Rich landowners Chiefs
78
Why was it difficult for Indians to be part of their administration?
Technically open to all Had to take an exam in B to qualify
79
What was a strategy used to uphold native policy?
Putting one group against each other
80
What's an example of this?
In East Africa Masai rewarded with cattle and badges in preference to Kikuyu
81
What was B policy since the Napoleonic wars?
To have 'splendid isolation'
82
What did the B primarily rely on for protection?
Navy
83
What event made the B think more about their army?
The Boer War
84
Who made alliances with who in the late 19th century?
Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy France + Russia
85
Why was B then in an uneasy position?
If didn't choose a side could be vulnerable Had dispute with all before Made up with France Scared of Russian ambitions in Afghanistan
86
Why was B worried about Russia?
Known as the 'Great Game' - they threatened Suez + India Industry increasing + becoming more of a threat
87
Why was Germany becoming a threat?
Supported Boers in Jameson Raid by sending a telegraph + weapons Had better relations with Ottoman Empire to not rely on B controlled Suez Financed Railway from Constantinople to Baghdad Increased B costs with naval race
88
What did the B sign to be out of splendid isolation?
Entente Cordiale 1904 With French
89
What were negatives of this?
Didn't provide security Relationship with Russia was open
90
What made Russia less of a threat?
R had a defeat with Japan Internal troubles effected Tsarist powers B + R + F came together in 'Triple Entente' 1907 Made Persian zone neutral + Afghanistan B influence
91
What was evidence for B support of F?
Moroccan crises Kaiser threatened interests in Morocco B stood with F in Algeciras Conference Moroccan rebels attacked Fez Kaiser send warship Ordered it back when B prepared its navy for war
92
What was held after a concern of G ambitions?
The Imperial Conference 1911
93
What was agreed?
There should be closer ties with the Dominions?
94
What was more important to B when all agreements failed with G?
Defence of B in Europe Not as much defence of empire
95
What lead to the war in 1914?
Other nations ambitions of Empire

Alevel British Empire (24 decks)

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