Chapter 24 - Relations With Indigenous Peoples

Question 1

What implied that B power became vulnerable?

Answer 1

Japanese victories + conquests of Malaya + Burma

Question 2

Why did major cities begin to have industrial conflict + be anti-B?

Answer 2

Rapid economic development came in the war to support B

Question 3

Why else was there a threat to the B?

Answer 3

Many soldiers from the colonies helped in the war
Felt entitled to be treated well
Had military skill to cause trouble if they wanted to

Question 4

Why had the legacy of war caused nationalist movements?

Answer 4

Colonial soldiers expected reward

Question 5

Why was economic and social discontent a factor in causing nationalist movements?

Answer 5

Despite econ improvement some weren’t skilled enough to benefit from the job opportunities
Competition for land with locals + foreigners
B projects failed - TNS - locals suffered
Surplus of educated youth

Question 6

How did Ethnic + religious rivalries create nationalist movements?

Answer 6

B favoured some groups
E.g. accepted ‘Malay nationality’ was only for Malay ethnicity

Question 7

How did charismatic + Western educated leaders help nationalist movements?

Answer 7

They all learned and shared their ideas provoking action

Question 8

What did mass political parties do for nationalist movements?

Answer 8

By showing these parties had mass popularity put B in difficult moral decision
Obliged to accept them because of B ideas of democracy

Question 9

What was the Mau Mau?

Answer 9

Kenyan movement with mostly Kikuyu people

Question 10

Why were the Kikuyu frustrated?

Answer 10

They were taken off land for white settlers
Unemployed + poor conditions in towns
Politicians said self-govt would not be possible in the near future

Question 11

What happened in 1952?

Answer 11

Escalation of murders by Mau Mau
To some white farmers but mostly Kikuyu who refused to take oath

Question 12

Who spoke out about it?

Answer 12

The leader of the Kikuyu
Was assassinated

Question 13

Who declared a State of Emergency 1952?

Answer 13

Sir Evelyn Baring

Question 14

What did this do?

Answer 14

Suspended all black African political rights
Mau Mau treated as political terrorists

Question 15

Why did B put itself in a awkward moral position?

Answer 15

Sent 1000s of troops
White forcing its will on a black majority

Question 16

What methods did the B use?

Answer 16

Recruited a ‘home guard’ of local Kikuyu
Helicopters + planes
Villages uprooted + relocated
Hung suspects
1000s in ‘rehabilitation camps’
Tortured

Question 17

How many people were killed between 1952 + 1956?

Answer 17

12,000

Question 18

What happened in the Hola Camp 1959?

Answer 18

Forced 88 of least cooperative to perform manual labour or rehabilitation schemes
If refused beaten
11 died
77 had serious injuries

Question 19

What was linked to Macmillan’s ‘Wind of Change’ speech?

Answer 19

The Mau Mau insurrection
Showed B they were unequipped to deal with large-scale nationalism

Question 20

Why did the Malay organisation UMNO originally cooperate with the B?

Answer 20

To defeat communists who wanted to take over after the war

Question 21

What gave semi-autonomous power to Malaya?

Answer 21

1949 Federation of Malaya

Question 22

What aggravated a situation?

Answer 22

B only restricting ‘Malay nationality’ to those with Malay ethnicity

Question 23

What did Ja’afar do in 1951?

Answer 23

Left UMNO + formed Independence of Malaya Party - after couldn’t broaden the party’s ethnic membership

Question 24

How did UMNO still get electoral successes?

Answer 24

Co-operated with MCA + MIC
Didn’t resolve the issues of a racially divided peninsula

Question 25

Why did the B cooperate with UMNO?

Answer 25

Had positive plan of action E.g. extending primary education Were ready to combat tactics by militant groups

Question 26

Why was a 'Malayan Emergency' called?

Answer 26

MRLA + MCP attacked farms + police stations + disrupted transport + communications

Question 27

When were these left-wing political groups made illegal?

Answer 27

1948 Took 5 years to defeat

Question 28

Who was shot dead in a guerrilla attack?

Answer 28

Sir Henry Gurney High Commissioner in Malaya

Question 29

Why were the B concerned a lot by Malaya?

Answer 29

Fears of communism Was a valuable economic resource - tin + rubber A strategic asset

Question 30

How did they restore stability?

Answer 30

Had to depend on local indigenous elite Promised self govt

Question 31

After the emergency in 1955, who became Chief Minister of Malaya?

Answer 31

Tunku

Question 32

After a break down in discussion with MCP secretary general, what happened?

Answer 32

Tunku went to London to support a deal that would lead to full independence in 1957

Question 33

Did independence solve internal issues?

Answer 33

Still differences with UMNO + MCA Formation of Malaysia didn't last as Singapore was expelled + Brunei pulled out

Question 34

What factor divided Nigeria?

Answer 34

Ethnicity

Question 35

Where were the different ethnicities mostly?

Answer 35

North - Islamic area - emirs - anti-western West - economically prosperous wanted ind South - inspired by European ideas - professionals + Christian churches

Question 36

What were the 3 major nationalist independence parties?

Answer 36

The National Council of Nigeria + the Cameroons (NCNC) - widespread with newspapers The Action Group - wanted autonomous states with federal structure The Northern People's Congress (NPC) - wanted to protect north from south influences

Question 37

How many constitutions were drawn up with the B from 1946-1954?

Answer 37

3

Question 38

As the B gave more power to local officials what did they rival for?

Answer 38

Govt jobs Trade permits + licenses + contracts Scholarships for higher education

Question 39

What became the structure in the end?

Answer 39

South, West, East + North all became self-gov regions

Question 40

What had increased resentment in the Rhodesias after WW2?

Answer 40

Increase in white settlers Low pay Few rights

Question 41

How many white settlers in Southern Rhodesia wanted self-govt?

Answer 41

129,000

Question 42

What did the B do as they knew the mineral wealth of NR would tempt SR?

Answer 42

Created a Federation of Rhodesia + Nyasaland Known as Central African Federation (CAF) All 3 had own legislature + govt

Question 43

What did the CAF actually do?

Answer 43

Southern white Rhodesians used it to enforce their power Nyasaland was at the centre + resisted CAF in 1953

Question 44

What did the Governor of Nyasaland do when he feared the collapse of B authority?

Answer 44

Declared State of Emergency Banned N African Congress (NAC)

Question 45

Who were imprisoned?

Answer 45

Leaders 1300 detained without trial 2000 imprisoned for offenses related to the emergency 51 killed in accidents

Question 46

What happened at Nkata Bay 1959?

Answer 46

Prisoners were waiting to be taken to the south A local Congress leader tried to release them + encouraged a crowd to stand dockside District Commissioner thought it was out of control + told troops to open fire

Question 47

What did a B Commission in 1959 say about it?

Answer 47

Emergency was an overreaction Denounced N for using illegal + unnecessary force

Question 48

Who agreed to break up the CAF?

Answer 48

Macmillan + Macleod

Question 49

What was the conclusion in 1964?

Answer 49

NR = Zambia with black majority govt + C N = Malawi with black majority govt + C SR = White dominated govt + became Rhodesia

Question 50

What did SR declare in 1965?

Answer 50

UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence

Question 51

What did other nations think about the UDI?

Answer 51

Rejected as illegal by B + UN + most of the world B put sanctions but not very useful as SA refused to cooperate

Question 52

How did this reflect on B?

Answer 52

Showed unable to deal with rebels in ex-colony Had criticism from Commonwealth

Question 53

What did the UDI trigger?

Answer 53

15 year long civil war Between white + black nationalists

Question 54

When did this end?

Answer 54

1980 Formed Zimbabwe