Chapter 2

Question 1

What does biogeochemical cycles mean

Answer 1

How chemicals cycle around and affect life on earth

Question 2

What is the composition and % make up of our atmosphere

Answer 2

Carbon- 1%
Oxygen - 20%
Sulfur - 1%
Nitrogen - 78%

Question 3

What is the difference between rapid and slow cycling

Answer 3

Rapid cycling is when matter can be cycled as fast as a year or a day

Slow cycling is when matter can take up to 1000 or a million years to cycle

Question 4

What is a nutrient reservoir and what are the types

Answer 4

A temporary storage location for matter/nutrients in their cycle

Types - abiotic and biotic

Question 5

What is an abiotic nutrient reservoir

Answer 5

Temporarily stores non-living components of an ecosystem

Eg. atmosphere, soil, water, minerals in rocks

Question 6

What’s a biotic nutrient reservoir

Answer 6

Temporarily stores living or once living components of an ecosystem

Eg. living or recently living organisms, coal, oil, peat

Question 7

Memorize the diagram on page 43 of the textbook.

https://d2l.cbe.ab.ca/d2l/le/content/1145447/fullscreen/14598355/View

Answer 7

Did u get it?

Question 8

What are the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Answer 8

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight -> 6O2 + C6H12O6

Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6H2O + ATP -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 9

Define a carbon sink

Answer 9

A reservoir that absorbs carbon

Question 10

Give 4 examples of slow carbon cycling

Answer 10

Trees in forest
Formation of sediments
Formation of Fossil fuels
Ocean

Question 11

Give 4 examples of rapid carbon cycling

Answer 11

Forest fires
Weathering
Burn fossil fuels
Carbon moving through the food chain

Question 12

Search up the nitrogen cycle and be able to label N2 fixation, ammonification, denitrification, and nitrification

Answer 12

Could u do it?

Question 13

How does burning fossil fuels affect the environment

Answer 13

Burning of fossil fuels consume O2 and release CO2 and H2O(g) which are greenhouse gases which cause the radiant energy from the sun to get trapped and warm up the earth (global warming)

Question 14

How is nitrogen used in our bodies

Answer 14

DNA, protein

Question 15

What is nitrogen fixation

Answer 15

It is where bacteria on plant roots convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into Ammonium (NH4+) for plants to use

In return bacteria get sugar

Question 16

What is ammonification

Answer 16

It is where bacteria in soil convert NH4+ into nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-)

Question 17

What is denitrification

Answer 17

Bacteria in soil and water convert NO2- and NO3- into N2

Question 18

What is nitrification

Answer 18

When N2 gets in contact with lightning it is turned into NO3-

Question 19

What is crop rotation

Answer 19

Farmers use legumes to release nitrogen back into the soil so that they don’t have to use fertilizers in order to save money and the environment

Question 20

What are the human impacts of Sulfur

Answer 20

Sulfur fertilizers and Burning of fossil fuels which releases SO2 into the environment

Question 21

How is acid deposition formed

Answer 21

It is when SO2 reacts with H2O(g) in the atmosphere to produce form acid rain which can increase the pH of lakes, kill plants, and leech nutrients from the soil

Question 22

How is Sulfur used by us

Answer 22

It is used to make up proteins such as muscles, skin, and bones

Question 23

How is Sulfur released into the atmosphere

Answer 23

Burning coal - human
Weathering of rocks containing Sulfur - natural
Volcano activity - natural

Question 24

What are some examples of slow cycling of Sulfur

Answer 24

Dissolving in water
Absorbed by plants
Move through the food chain

Question 25

What are some examples of rapid cycling of Sulfur

Answer 25

Burning fossil fuels Volcano activity

Question 26

What % of the atmosphere is made of phosphorus

Answer 26

0%

Question 27

How is phosphorus used by us

Answer 27

DNA, ATP, bones, teeth

Question 28

How do plants get phosphorus

Answer 28

They can can only get phosphates (PO43-)

Question 29

How do we get phosphorus

Answer 29

Milk, grains, meat

Question 30

How is phosphorus released into the environment

Answer 30

Weathering - Natural Sewage - human Fertilitizer run off - human

Question 31

What are the steps in algal bloom

Answer 31

1. Excess phosphorus enters the aquatic ecosystem (sewage and fertilizers) 2. Algal bloom and overgrowth occurs 3. Sunlight cannot penetrate below the surface 4. Plants below the surface can no longer photosynthesize and die 5. Decomposer population quickly grows, depleting oxygen 6. Fish and other organisms requiring oxygen die

Question 32

Define productivity

Answer 32

The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store light over a length of time

Question 33

How is productivity measured

Answer 33

J/m^2/a Joules/meters squared/year

Question 34

Give 2 examples of ecosystems and their productivities in relation to their biomass

Answer 34

Forest - large biomass, low productivity Grassland - low biomass, high productivity

Question 35

What does productivity depend on

Answer 35

Number of producers Amount of light Amount of heat Amount of rainfall

Question 36

What’s the Gaia hypothesis

Answer 36

The biosphere acts like an organisms that regulates itself, maintaining environmental conditions within certain limits.

Question 37

Label the water cycle

Answer 37

Could u do it?

Question 38

What are some properties of water

Answer 38

Universal solvent, high melting and boiling point, adhesive and cohesive, high specific heat capacity, surface tension, polarity

Question 39

What do plants use nitrogen for

Answer 39

Chlorophyll

Question 40

What are ways we can tell what life was like on earth millions of years ago

Answer 40

- Ice core samples - Stratification of Earth's layers - Can look at stromatolites

Question 41

What are stromatolites

Answer 41

rocks with layers in them so we can use those layers to date and look at how life was back then