Digestive system

Question 1

what are the 7 main parts of the digestive system that food moves through

Answer 1

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Question 2

what’s the function of the mouth, what’s the pH and what types of digestion occur there

Answer 2

To chew and add saliva to help digest carbohydrates

pH: 7

Mechanical and chemical

Question 3

what’s the function of the esophagus and what types of digestion occur there

Answer 3

to move food from mouth to stomach by a process called peristalsis

mechanical

Question 4

what’s the function of the stomach, what’s the pH, and what types of digestion occur there

Answer 4

mixes food with HCL as well as an enzyme that digests proteins

pH: 2

mechanical and chemical

Question 5

what’s the function of the small intestine, what’s the pH, and what types of digestion occur there

Answer 5

enzymes from liver and pancreas end up here. they help digest carbs, fat, and proteins. absorption of nutrients also occurs here.

pH:7

chemical and absorption

Question 6

what’s the function of the large intestine and what types of digestion occur there

Answer 6

water, minerals and vitamins are removed from waste and absorbed into bloodstream

absorption

Question 7

what’s the function of the rectum and what types of digestion occur there

Answer 7

solid waste is stored here

NA

Question 8

what’s the function of the anus and what types of digestion occur there

Answer 8

solid waste exits the body here

NA

Question 9

what is dehydration synthesis

Answer 9

removing water from molecules to turn into polymers

Question 10

define hydrolysis

Answer 10

adding h2o to a large molecule to break it down into monomers

Question 11

where is the OH located on starch and cellulose

Answer 11

starch - bottom
cellulose - top

Question 12

what are the monomers for starch and cellulose called

Answer 12

starch: glucose a
cellulose: glucose b

Question 13

what are the differences between function and digestion for starch and cellulose

Answer 13

starch:

function: energy storage in plants

digestion: easy for heterotrophs to digest

cellulose:

function: cell wall structure in plants

digestion: difficult for heterotrophs to digest

Question 14

what are the components of lipids

Answer 14

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 15

what are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats

Answer 15

saturated: long straight chain, most animal fats, solid at room temp, hard to break down, contribute to cardiovascular diseases

unsaturated: plant and fish fats, liquid at room temp, easy to break down

Question 16

what are the functions of lipids in the human body

Answer 16

energy storage, body insulation

Question 17

what’s the description of a primary protein

Answer 17

the sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain (polypeptide)

Question 18

what is the description of a secondary protein

Answer 18

hydrogen bonding between close amino acids to form either a helix or a beta pleated sheet

Question 19

what’s the description of a tertiary protein

Answer 19

interactions with more distant amino acids cause the structure to further fold on itself

Question 20

what’s the description of a quaternary protein

Answer 20

when more than one polypeptide chain bonds together

Question 21

what is the breakdown of a protein from polymer to monomer

Answer 21

polypeptides -> peptides -> amino acids

Question 22

what is the definition of an enzyme

Answer 22

a protein that speeds up or catalyses a chemical reaction

Question 23

how does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction

Answer 23

it lowers the activation energy required for that reaction

Question 24

define substrate

Answer 24

reactant which binds to enzyme

Question 25

define active site

Answer 25

enzyme’s catalytic site; substrate fits into the active site

Question 26

define product

Answer 26

end result of reaction

Question 27

what are the two enzyme models and which one is more accurate

Answer 27

lock and key model induced fit model - more accurate

Question 28

what is the difference between the lock and key model and the induced fit model

Answer 28

lock and key - specific shape must fit into specific active site induced fit - enzyme can slightly shift to cause a tighter fit

Question 29

what are the enzyme activators and define them

Answer 29

cofactors - binds with enzyme molecule coenzymes - binds to enzyme near active site

Question 30

what are the enzyme inhibitors and define them

Answer 30

competitive - binds to active site preventing substrate from binding non-competitive - behinds to a site other than active site (allosteric site) and changes the active site’s shape

Question 31

what does denaturing mean and under what conditions does this happen

Answer 31

when enzymes are heated or placed in an environment with the wrong pH or too much salt it will cause their shape to change permanently

Question 32

what is the break down of carbs from polymer to monomer

Answer 32

polysaccharide -> disaccharide -> monosaccharide

Question 33

what is the break down of lipids from polymer to monomer

Answer 33

fat globules -> fat droplets -> glycerol and fatty acids

Question 34

what is the break down of nucleic acids from polymer to monomer

Answer 34

nucleic acids -> nucleotide-> sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

Question 35

how does the stomach do physical digestion

Answer 35

churning

Question 36

what is gastric juice made up of

Answer 36

water, salts, HCL, mucous, and enzymes

Question 37

what protects the stomach lining from the HCL in the stomach

Answer 37

mucous

Question 38

what organ is affected by ulcers and how are they caused and how can they be cured

Answer 38

stomach affected by bacteria known as helicobacter pylori cured by anitbiotics

Question 39

what is absorbed in the stomach

Answer 39

water, salts, medicine, alcohol

Question 40

what is the function of the pancreas

Answer 40

release digestive enzymes into the small intestine

Question 41

what substances are released by the pancreas and what are their functions

Answer 41

trypsin and chymotrypsin - digest protein pancreatic amylase - digest starch lipase - digest lipids bicarbonate - neutralize chyme coming from stomach

Question 42

what does the stomach digest and what does it release to do this

Answer 42

protein - pepsin

Question 43

what is the function of the liver

Answer 43

produce bile

Question 44

what does bile do and what is the term for this

Answer 44

bile contains bile salts that physically digest fat globules into smaller fat droplets - process called emulsification

Question 45

what does the gall bladder do

Answer 45

stores bile

Question 46

what increases the surface area of the small intestine and why does it do this

Answer 46

villi and microvilli- does this to maximize absorption

Question 47

where is the chyme mixed w bile and enzymes in the small intestine

Answer 47

duodenum

Question 48

what do bacteria in the large intestine do

Answer 48

produce vitamin B12, vitamin K, and amino acids

Question 49

where are bacteria present in digestive system

Answer 49

stomach, large intestine

Question 50

what is the role of HCL in stomach

Answer 50

kill bacteria, activates pepsin by lowering pH

Question 51

what are the 3 parts of small intestine

Answer 51

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 52

where do each of the macromolecules get absorbed into

Answer 52

protein, carbs, nucleic acids -> bloodstream lipids -> lymph vessels

Question 53

what is peristalsis, where does it occur, and how does it aid digestion

Answer 53

the movement of food through the digestive tracts esophagus, small intestine, large intestine causes physical digestion to occur

Question 54

what elements are a protein made up of

Answer 54

hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen

Question 55

what elements are a carbohydrate made up of

Answer 55

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 56

what elements are a lipid made up of

Answer 56

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 57

what elements are a nucleic acid made up of

Answer 57

nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus