Chapter 2

Question 1

Social Research

Answer 1

systematic study of human behavior

Question 2

Scientific method

Answer 2

Research process that includes careful data collection, and when appropriate a generalization of the findings to a larger group

Question 3

Concept

Answer 3

an abstract idea, mental image, or general notion that represents some aspects of our social life

Question 4

Variable

Answer 4

Characteristic that can change in value or magnitude under different conditions, can be attitudes, behaviors, or traits

Question 5

Independent Variable

Answer 5

Characteristic that can be manipulated and is the end result to the dependent

Question 6

Dependent Variable

Answer 6

Outcome of the Independent

Question 7

Control Variable

Answer 7

Constant and unchanged during the research process

Question 8

Hypothesis

Answer 8

statement that expected relationships between two or more variables

Question 9

Reliability

Answer 9

Consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time

Question 10

Validity

Answer 10

Degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure

Question 11

Deductive reasoning (General)

Answer 11

begins with a theory, prediction, or general principles that is then tested through data collection

Question 12

Inductive reasoning (Specific)

Answer 12

Begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection and the development of some general conclusions or theories

Question 13

Population

Answer 13

ant well-defined group of people about whom researchers want to know something

Question 14

Sample

Answer 14

group of people that are representative of the population researchers wish to study

Question 15

Probability sample

Answer 15

one in which each person has an equal chance of being selected because the selection is random

Question 16

Non-probability sample

Answer 16

any sample in which has little or no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population

Question 17

Literature review

Answer 17

Sociologist summarizes the pertinent research

Question 18

Methodology, procedures or research design

Answer 18

Description of which method or combination of methods is best for testing the hypothesis

Question 19

Qualitative research

Answer 19

Examining and interpreting non-numerical material

Question 20

Quantitative research

Answer 20

Sociologist focus on a numerical analysis of peoples responses or specific characteristics

Question 21

Correlation

Answer 21

Relationship between variables

Question 22

Causation

Answer 22

The end result or reasoning

Question 23

Survey

Answer 23

systematically collect data from respondents using questionnaires, face-to-face interview…etc

Question 24

Random sample

Answer 24

can be used to generalized to the larger population

Question 25

Social desirability bias

Answer 25

tendency of respondents to give the answer that they "should" give or that will cast them in a favorable light

Question 26

Longitudinal

Answer 26

collected at two or more points in time from the same or different samples of respondents

Question 27

Cross-sectional

Answer 27

Collected at one point of time

Question 28

Secondary anaylsis

Answer 28

Examines data collected by someone else

Question 29

Field research

Answer 29

When a social scientist systematically observes people in their natural surroundings

Question 30

Ethnologies

Answer 30

Requires a considerable amount of time in the field

Question 31

Experiments

Answer 31

Carefully controlled, artificial situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure their effects

Question 32

Content Anaylsis

Answer 32

a data collection method that systematically examines some form of communication

Question 33

Experiment

Answer 33

carefully controlled artificial situations that allows researchers to manipulate variables

Question 34

Experimental group

Answer 34

group of participants in an experiment who are the independent variable

Question 35

Control group

Answer 35

Not exposed to manipulation

Question 36

Evaluation research

Answer 36

relies on all of the standard methodological techniques to assess the effectiveness of social programs in both the public and private sector

Question 37

Ethical reason

Answer 37

1. Do no Harm, 2. Must have consent, 3. Cant Exploit, 4. Privacy, 5. No gains, 6. confidentiality