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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four steps of the scientific process?

A

1) identify a question
2) form a hypothesis
3) gather information
4) analyze the data

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2
Q

a plausible or scientifically accepted general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena is a:

A

theory

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3
Q

what four things make a good theory?

A
  • needs to make sense
  • needs to be open to disprovement
  • predictions are supported by research
  • conforms to law of parsimony
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4
Q

what are the three main issues faced when studying humans?

A
  • complexity
  • variability
  • reactivity
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5
Q

proposing an explanation to a behaviour that makes sense in that context is:

A

hindsight understanding

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6
Q

we understand behaviour through:

A

hypothesis testing

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7
Q

a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms is an:

A

operational definition

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8
Q

what are the three types of research:

A

1) descriptive
2) correlational
3) experimental

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9
Q

research where we observe behaviour in nature and report what we saw is:

A

descriptive research

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10
Q

a method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual are:

A

case studies

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11
Q

true or false: case studies are generalizable to the public

A

false

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12
Q

sending out surveys to samples of the general public is a primary form of:

A

survey research

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13
Q

a sub group of a population is a:

A

sample

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14
Q

are sample groups representative of a population?

A

no

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15
Q

observing people in their natural environment, when they do not know they are being observed is:

A

naturalistic observation

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16
Q

which type of research is best to avoid demand characteristics?

A

naturalistic observation

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17
Q

what are some limits to naturalistic observation?

A
  • experimenters cannot let a person know they are being observed
  • makes it difficult to study some things
  • requires long periods of observation to get a single measure of a desired behaviour
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18
Q

case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation are all types of:

A

descriptive research

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19
Q

looking for relationships between variables is:

A

correlational research

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20
Q

true or false: you can use correlational research to determine causation

A

false

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21
Q

comparing the pattern of variation in a series of measurements between variables is:

A

correlation

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22
Q

what are the three main types of correlation:

A
  • perfect
  • positive
  • negative
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23
Q

the type of correlational research where an increase in one variable relates to an increase in the other is a:

A

positive correlation

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24
Q

the type of correlational research where an increase in one variable relates to a decrease in the other is:

A

negative correlations

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25
Q

the strength of correlations indicates:

A

how related two variables are

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26
Q

correlation is usually a ___________ in research

A

first step

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27
Q

what is the third variable problem?

A

two variables may be related to one another only because they are causally related to a third variable

28
Q

a matched sample is when:

A

participants in two groups match

29
Q

a matched pair is when:

A

each participant matches another

30
Q

the only way to truly infer causality is to:

A

develop an experiment

31
Q

a technique for establishing a causal relationship between variables is:

A

experimentation

32
Q

a property whose value can chance across individuals over time is:

A

a variable

33
Q

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment is:

A

the independent variable (IV)

34
Q

the variable that is measured in a study is:

A

the dependent variable (DV)

35
Q

the point of an experiment is to manipulate variables in a:

A

controlled environment

36
Q

what are the four steps of manipulation:

A

1) identify what you want to study
2) manipulate your independent variable
3) measure the dependent variable
4) check for effect and draw conclusions

37
Q

an experiment between-subjects is:

A

two groups of different subjects (control and experiment)

38
Q

an experiment within-subjects is:

A

one group where the participants are both the control and experiment

39
Q

a harmless substance that looks like the treatment drug; used to counter expectation effects is a:

A

placebo

40
Q

producing the same measurement when measuring the same thing is:

A

reliability

41
Q

must be related to the property of study:

A

validity

42
Q

the ability of a measure to detect the conditions specified in operational definition is:

A

power

43
Q

aspects of an observational setting that make people behave as they think they should are:

A

demand characteristics

44
Q
  • ensuring participant anonymity and confidentiality
  • fMRI, galvanic skin response tests
  • deception
  • include filler items
    these are used to:
A

reduce demand characteristics

45
Q

what are two ways that scientists can unconsciously influence participant behaviour?

A

1) expectations can influence measurements
2) expectations can influence reality

46
Q

a study where neither the researcher nor the participant knows which is treatment and which is control is a:

A

double-blind procedure

47
Q

a procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group

A

random assignment

48
Q

the value of measurements near the centre or midpoint of a distribution is a:

A

central distribution

49
Q

value of the most frequently observed measurement

A

mode

50
Q

average value of all measurements

A

mean

51
Q

value in the middle of the distribution

A

median

52
Q

what is a central tendency?

A

the value of measurements near the centre or midpoint of a distribution

53
Q

what is variability?

A

how much measurements differ from one another

54
Q

the value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the smallest

A

range

55
Q

describe the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution

A

standard deviation

56
Q

what are some characteristics of a normal distribution?

A
  • a “bell-curve”
  • symmetrical
  • central peak
  • tails off to both ends
57
Q

what does it mean for a distribution curve to be positively skewed?

A

long tail on the right

58
Q

what does it mean for a distribution curve to be negatively skewed?

A

long tail on the left

59
Q

what tests the significance of differences between groups to see if the effect we are observing is meaningful?

A

inferential statistics

60
Q

you cannot claim results are meaningful unless you can report that you are ______ sure that random assignment has not failed

A

95%

61
Q

p < 0.05 means the probability of difference due to chance is less than:

A

5%

62
Q

states that any observed differences between the samples are due to chance

A

null hypothesis

63
Q

if p < 0.05, the the experiment has:

A

internal validity

64
Q

the experimental property where variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic was is:

A

external validity

65
Q

what are the three key components or ethical considerations of the American Psychological Association?

A
  • informed consent
  • freedom from coercion
  • protection from harm
66
Q

if a participant is deceived in any way during or before an experiment, at the end they must be given a:

A

debriefing

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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