Chapter 7 - Learning and Adaptation

Question 1

A process by which experience produces lasting change in an organism’s behaviour or capabilities is:

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What are the “big three” types of learning?

Answer 2

1) event-alone learning (habituation)
2) event-event learning (classical conditioning)
3) behaviour-event learning (operant conditioning)

Question 3

What is habituation?

Answer 3

The process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Question 4

Is habituation the same as sensory adaptation?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

What is sensitization?

Answer 5

An increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

Question 6

Which is highly specific: habituation or sensitization?

Answer 6

Habituation

Question 7

The process of forming relationships between stimuli is:

Answer 7

Conditioning

Question 8

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 9

A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of another stimulus.

Question 10

A stimulus that does not typically elicit a response is a:

Answer 10

Neutral stimulus

Question 11

a biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it is an:

Answer 11

unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

what is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 12

a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response

Question 13

what is an unconditioned response?

Answer 13

the response associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

with enough pairings of the conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus, the conditioned stimulus will come to elicit the same response as the paired neutral stimulus. this is is now a:

Answer 14

conditioned response

Question 15

a relationship between two stimuli is:

Answer 15

association

Question 16

acquisition is:

Answer 16

the period during which an association is being learned

Question 17

what are the two steps to producing a conditioned response?

Answer 17

1) make administration of the unconditioned stimulus contingent on presentation of the neutral stimulus
2) present the conditioned stimulus on its own

Question 18

in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the:

Answer 18

conditioned stimulus

Question 19

to be effective, the ________ should evoke a strong bodily response

Answer 19

unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

what are the two categories for an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 20

appetitive (pleasant), and aversive (unpleasant)

Question 21

what is forward short-delay?

Answer 21

the unconditioned stimulus is presented when the conditioned stimulus is still going

Question 22

what is forward trace?

Answer 22

the conditioned stimulus starts and then “turns off”

Question 23

the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus at the exact same time is a:

Answer 23

simultaneous pairing

Question 24

the presentation of the conditioned stimulus after the unconditioned stimulus is:

Answer 24

backward pairing

Question 25

what are four ways to enhance the acquisition of a conditioned response:

Answer 25

1) present multiple pairings 2) a very intense aversive unconditioned response (one-time learning) 3) use forward parings 4) use a short time interval between presentation of CS and US

Question 26

the process in which a conditioned stimulus is presented in the absence of a neutral stimulus in order to weaken the conditioned response is:

Answer 26

extinction

Question 27

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 27

if the conditioned stimulus is presented after a delay following extinction, the conditioned response may appear again

Question 28

what is stimulus generalization?

Answer 28

the process in which, once a conditioned stimulus has been established, similar stimuli may also produce a conditioned response

Question 29

the process where a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original is:

Answer 29

stimulus discrimination

Question 30

what is higher order conditioning?

Answer 30

a chain of events involving two conditioned response stimuli.

Question 31

what are some applications of classical conditioning?

Answer 31

- exposure therapy - systematic desensitization - flooding - VR exposure therapy

Question 32

the extinction of a conditioned response through exposure to conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus is:

Answer 32

exposure therapy

Question 33

muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulus is:

Answer 33

systematic desensitization

Question 34

what is flooding?

Answer 34

high exposure to fearful stimulus

Question 35

fear is highly ______

Answer 35

generalizable

Question 36

disgust makes a great _________

Answer 36

unconditioned stimulus

Question 37

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 37

learning that is controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour

Question 38

what are the three steps to operant conditioning?

Answer 38

1) stimulus 2) response 3) reinforcer

Question 39

true or false, operant conditioning is automatic.

Answer 39

false, it is voluntary

Question 40

in operant conditioning, behaviour is a funtion of...

Answer 40

consequences that follow behaviour

Question 41

putting a child in time out after they have done something bad is an example of:

Answer 41

operant conditioning

Question 42

what did Edward Thorndike discover?

Answer 42

the law of effect

Question 43

what is the law of effect?

Answer 43

if a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by something pleasant, there will be a strong bond between stimulus and response

Question 44

what was Thorndike's puzzle box experiment?

Answer 44

he put hungry cats in boxes with complex escape routes, and placed food outside the box as motivation to escape faster.

Question 45

puzzle boxes showed that _______ is incremental

Answer 45

learning

Question 46

who was B.F. Skinner? what did he create?

Answer 46

a guy who identified many key processes that occur during operant conditioning. created the Skinner box.

Question 47

what does the skinner box do?

Answer 47

electronically records an animal's activity and automatically provides reinforcements to specific actions

Question 48

any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response is:

Answer 48

reinforcement

Question 49

the two types of reinforcement are:

Answer 49

positive (add a stimulus) and negative (remove a stimulus)

Question 50

any outcome that weakens the probability of a response is:

Answer 50

punishment

Question 51

what is positive punishment?

Answer 51

presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a response

Question 52

what is negative punishment?

Answer 52

taking away a positive stimulus to decrease a response

Question 53

are rewards and reinforcers the same thing?

Answer 53

no

Question 54

any stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement is a:

Answer 54

discriminative stimulus (S^D)

Question 55

what is shaping?

Answer 55

reinforce successive approximations towards a final response (learning in increments!!)

Question 56

what is chaining?

Answer 56

adding steps to a second stimulus. reinforcing a response with the opportunity to perform the next response.

Question 57

what is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 57

every correct response is reinforced

Question 58

the process where only some correct responses are reinforced is:

Answer 58

partial reinforcement

Question 59

what is fixed reinforcement?

Answer 59

reinforcement that occurs after a fixed number of responses or fixed time interval

Question 60

what is variable reinforcement?

Answer 60

reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses

Question 61

the process where a certain percentage of responses are reinforced is:

Answer 61

ratio reinforcement

Question 62

the process where a certain amount of time must elapse between reinforcements is:

Answer 62

interval reinforcement

Question 63

fixed, variable, ratio, and interval reinforcement are all a part of:

Answer 63

partial reinforcement

Question 64

what is a fixed ratio schedule?

Answer 64

reinforcement given after a fixed number of responses

Question 65

what is a variable ratio schedule?

Answer 65

reinforcement given after an average number of responses

Question 66

what is a fixed interval schedule?

Answer 66

the first correct response after a fixed time interval is reinforced

Question 67

what is a variable interval schedule?

Answer 67

reinforcement given for the first correct response after an average amount of time

Question 68

performance of a behaviour that terminates an aversive stimulus is:

Answer 68

escape behaviour

Question 69

the performance of a behaviour that prevents the aversive stimulus from occuring is:

Answer 69

avoidance behaviour

Question 70

avoidance is a response to __________

Answer 70

successful escape

Question 71

what is two process theory?

Answer 71

combines classical conditioning and operant conditioning to learn an avoidance response

Question 72

what are the steps of two-process theory?

Answer 72

1) classical conditioning of a fear response to a conditioned stimulus 2) operant conditioning of escape response to fear evoking discriminative stimulus