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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 7 - Learning and Adaptation > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Learning and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

A process by which experience produces lasting change in an organism’s behaviour or capabilities is:

A

Learning

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2
Q

What are the “big three” types of learning?

A

1) event-alone learning (habituation)
2) event-event learning (classical conditioning)
3) behaviour-event learning (operant conditioning)

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3
Q

What is habituation?

A

The process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

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4
Q

Is habituation the same as sensory adaptation?

A

No

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5
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

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6
Q

Which is highly specific: habituation or sensitization?

A

Habituation

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7
Q

The process of forming relationships between stimuli is:

A

Conditioning

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8
Q

Who discovered classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of another stimulus.

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10
Q

A stimulus that does not typically elicit a response is a:

A

Neutral stimulus

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11
Q

a biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it is an:

A

unconditioned stimulus

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12
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus?

A

a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response

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13
Q

what is an unconditioned response?

A

the response associated with an unconditioned stimulus

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14
Q

with enough pairings of the conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus, the conditioned stimulus will come to elicit the same response as the paired neutral stimulus. this is is now a:

A

conditioned response

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15
Q

a relationship between two stimuli is:

A

association

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16
Q

acquisition is:

A

the period during which an association is being learned

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17
Q

what are the two steps to producing a conditioned response?

A

1) make administration of the unconditioned stimulus contingent on presentation of the neutral stimulus
2) present the conditioned stimulus on its own

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18
Q

in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the:

A

conditioned stimulus

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19
Q

to be effective, the ________ should evoke a strong bodily response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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20
Q

what are the two categories for an unconditioned stimulus?

A

appetitive (pleasant), and aversive (unpleasant)

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21
Q

what is forward short-delay?

A

the unconditioned stimulus is presented when the conditioned stimulus is still going

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22
Q

what is forward trace?

A

the conditioned stimulus starts and then “turns off”

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23
Q

the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus at the exact same time is a:

A

simultaneous pairing

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24
Q

the presentation of the conditioned stimulus after the unconditioned stimulus is:

A

backward pairing

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25
Q

what are four ways to enhance the acquisition of a conditioned response:

A

1) present multiple pairings
2) a very intense aversive unconditioned response (one-time learning)
3) use forward parings
4) use a short time interval between presentation of CS and US

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26
Q

the process in which a conditioned stimulus is presented in the absence of a neutral stimulus in order to weaken the conditioned response is:

A

extinction

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27
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

if the conditioned stimulus is presented after a delay following extinction, the conditioned response may appear again

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28
Q

what is stimulus generalization?

A

the process in which, once a conditioned stimulus has been established, similar stimuli may also produce a conditioned response

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29
Q

the process where a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original is:

A

stimulus discrimination

30
Q

what is higher order conditioning?

A

a chain of events involving two conditioned response stimuli.

31
Q

what are some applications of classical conditioning?

A
  • exposure therapy
  • systematic desensitization
  • flooding
  • VR exposure therapy
32
Q

the extinction of a conditioned response through exposure to conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus is:

A

exposure therapy

33
Q

muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulus is:

A

systematic desensitization

34
Q

what is flooding?

A

high exposure to fearful stimulus

35
Q

fear is highly ______

A

generalizable

36
Q

disgust makes a great _________

A

unconditioned stimulus

37
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

learning that is controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour

38
Q

what are the three steps to operant conditioning?

A

1) stimulus
2) response
3) reinforcer

39
Q

true or false, operant conditioning is automatic.

A

false, it is voluntary

40
Q

in operant conditioning, behaviour is a funtion of…

A

consequences that follow behaviour

41
Q

putting a child in time out after they have done something bad is an example of:

A

operant conditioning

42
Q

what did Edward Thorndike discover?

A

the law of effect

43
Q

what is the law of effect?

A

if a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by something pleasant, there will be a strong bond between stimulus and response

44
Q

what was Thorndike’s puzzle box experiment?

A

he put hungry cats in boxes with complex escape routes, and placed food outside the box as motivation to escape faster.

45
Q

puzzle boxes showed that _______ is incremental

A

learning

46
Q

who was B.F. Skinner? what did he create?

A

a guy who identified many key processes that occur during operant conditioning. created the Skinner box.

47
Q

what does the skinner box do?

A

electronically records an animal’s activity and automatically provides reinforcements to specific actions

48
Q

any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response is:

A

reinforcement

49
Q

the two types of reinforcement are:

A

positive (add a stimulus) and negative (remove a stimulus)

50
Q

any outcome that weakens the probability of a response is:

A

punishment

51
Q

what is positive punishment?

A

presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a response

52
Q

what is negative punishment?

A

taking away a positive stimulus to decrease a response

53
Q

are rewards and reinforcers the same thing?

A

no

54
Q

any stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement is a:

A

discriminative stimulus (S^D)

55
Q

what is shaping?

A

reinforce successive approximations towards a final response (learning in increments!!)

56
Q

what is chaining?

A

adding steps to a second stimulus. reinforcing a response with the opportunity to perform the next response.

57
Q

what is continuous reinforcement?

A

every correct response is reinforced

58
Q

the process where only some correct responses are reinforced is:

A

partial reinforcement

59
Q

what is fixed reinforcement?

A

reinforcement that occurs after a fixed number of responses or fixed time interval

60
Q

what is variable reinforcement?

A

reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses

61
Q

the process where a certain percentage of responses are reinforced is:

A

ratio reinforcement

62
Q

the process where a certain amount of time must elapse between reinforcements is:

A

interval reinforcement

63
Q

fixed, variable, ratio, and interval reinforcement are all a part of:

A

partial reinforcement

64
Q

what is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement given after a fixed number of responses

65
Q

what is a variable ratio schedule?

A

reinforcement given after an average number of responses

66
Q

what is a fixed interval schedule?

A

the first correct response after a fixed time interval is reinforced

67
Q

what is a variable interval schedule?

A

reinforcement given for the first correct response after an average amount of time

68
Q

performance of a behaviour that terminates an aversive stimulus is:

A

escape behaviour

69
Q

the performance of a behaviour that prevents the aversive stimulus from occuring is:

A

avoidance behaviour

70
Q

avoidance is a response to __________

A

successful escape

71
Q

what is two process theory?

A

combines classical conditioning and operant conditioning to learn an avoidance response

72
Q

what are the steps of two-process theory?

A

1) classical conditioning of a fear response to a conditioned stimulus
2) operant conditioning of escape response to fear evoking discriminative stimulus

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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