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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution, and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution, and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

An organism’s actions in response to some stimulus is?

A

Behaviour

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2
Q

a change in heritable traits in a population over time is:

A

evolution

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3
Q

natural selection is:

A

the process by which evolution occurs

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4
Q

a basic unit of heredity is a:

A

gene

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5
Q

what is heredity?

A

something that is passed on

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6
Q

what are the four base nucleotides in DNA?

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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7
Q

the phosphate-deoxyribose chain is the ________ of DNA

A

backbone

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8
Q

what is a genome?

A

every single strand of a person’s DNA, their complete set of genetic material.

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9
Q

a chemical substance containing nucleotides is:

A

DNA

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10
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

strands of DNA wound in a double-helix structure

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11
Q

what is a genotype vs. phenotype?

A
  • genotype: specific genetic makeup
  • phenotype: expression of genes
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12
Q

how many chromosomes are in somatic cells?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

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13
Q

any differences in identical twins is because…

A

the DNA is read differently

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14
Q

what does it mean for a trait to be dominant?

A

dominant genes are always expressed

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15
Q

what does it mean for a trait to be recessive?

A

recessive genes are only expressed in the absence of dominant genes

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16
Q

what does it mean to be homozygous (dominant vs. recessive)?

A

identical pairs of alleles for a given gene
- dominant: AA
- recessive: aa

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17
Q

a person who has a combination of different alleles (Aa) is:

A

heterozygous

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18
Q

when a number of gene pairs combine to create a single phenotypic trait, this is:

A

polygenic transmission

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19
Q

lasting changes in gene function during development that are not caused by the genes themselves is:

A

epigenetics

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20
Q

list the steps for recombinant gene procedures

A

1) use enzymes to cut DNA into pieces
2) combine with DNA of another organism
3) insert combined DNA into host cell

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21
Q

what is the procedure where specific genes are altered so it cannot function and we observe the results?

A

gene knockout procedure

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22
Q

what is the study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour?

A

behaviour genetics

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23
Q

the amount of variation in a characteristic within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences is:

A

heritability

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24
Q

what is the heritability coefficient?

A

estimation of how much of a characteristic is due to genetic factors (the number)

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25
Q

the rate of co-occurrence of a characteristic among individuals is:

A

concordance rate

26
Q

how are adoption studies conducted?

A

1) start with a person who was adopted at a young age
2) compare some characteristics of that person with both biological and adoptive parents

27
Q

what does it mean to be monozygotic? dizygotic?

A
  • monozygotic: identical twins
  • dizygotic: fraternal twins
28
Q

when discussing heredity of intelligence, how much do genes count for intelligence?

A

50-70%

29
Q

what is heredity of intelligence?

A

if intelligence was genetically determines, people with the same genes would have equal IQs

30
Q

what is the range of possible traits that a genetic code allows?

A

reaction range

31
Q

what affects where a person falls in the reaction range?

A

environment

32
Q

what three things are studied when looking at heredity of personality?

A

1) genetic contribution
2) shared family environment
3) unique individual experiences

33
Q

what four groups are being studied when looking at heredity of personality?

A

1) identical twins raised together
2) identical twins raised apart
3) fraternal twins raised together
4) fraternal twins raised apart

34
Q

what are the “big five” personality traits?

A
  • openness
  • conscientiousness
  • extra/introversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism (stability)
35
Q

what is the field of psychology that studies how behaviour and actions adapted to environmental demands?

A

evolutionary psychology

36
Q

a slow change in the genes of a population over time where changes occur due to heritable genetic mutations is:

A

the theory of evolution

37
Q

true or false: evolution of behaviour is impacted by culture

A

true

38
Q

what about the human brain has evolved to be associated with attention, memory, thought, and language?

A

higher mental processes, the four lobes

39
Q

what are the two types of adaptation?

A

broad and domain-specific

40
Q

the ability to acquire language, responsiveness to human faces, group-seeking behaviour, and some universal emotions are all:

A

social adaptations in humans

41
Q

the time, effort, energy, and risk associated with caring for each offspring is:

A

parental investment

42
Q

do humans have high or low parental investment?

A

high

43
Q

do two parents have to invest equally in their offspring?

A

no

44
Q

the sex with the higher _______ will be more picky in selecting a mate

A

parental investment

45
Q

what does it mean to be monogamous?

A
  • two parents have equal investment
  • little difference in appearance
46
Q

why do monogamous relationships arise?

A

because one parent could not raise the offspring alone

47
Q

what term describes a relationship with unequal parent contributions?

A

polygamous

48
Q

what is the mating system there is one female and many males?

A

polandry

49
Q

what is the mating system where there is one male and many females?

A

polygny

50
Q

what is the mating system where there are many males and many females?

A

polgynandry

51
Q

what is co-operation?

A

one individual helps another and gains some advantage

52
Q

what is altruism?

A

one individual helps another but gets nothing in return

53
Q

which theory suggests that individuals will help their family members survive?

A

kin selection theory

54
Q

what theory suggests that if you help someone now, they will help you later?

A

reciprocal altruism theory

55
Q

what is the problem with reciprocal altruism theory?

A

people don’t often ignore those who have ignored them

56
Q

what are some causes for aggression in animals?

A
  • protecting one’s mate, young, food, and/or territory
  • taking someone else’s resources
  • gain access to new resources
57
Q

in social animals, individuals will be more _______ towards those deemed as “other”

A

aggressive

58
Q

what are dominance hierarchies?

A

animals fight to establish a set of “rank”

59
Q

what is the false idea that the effects of genes are concrete and unchangable?

A

genetic determination

60
Q

what is the false idea that those at the top of a social hierarchy are the “best”

A

social darwinism

61
Q

what does it mean to “defend the status quo”? is this true or accurate to evolution?

A

if a trait came from evolution it must be good. this is not tru

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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