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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 3 - The Biological Bases of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Biological Bases of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

the specialized cells that make up the nervous system are:

A

neurons

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2
Q

the four parts of the neuron are:

A
  • cell body (soma)
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • axon terminals
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3
Q

the structure that keeps the cell alive is the:

A

soma

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4
Q

“branches” from the cell body that receive signals are:

A

dendrites

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5
Q

conducts electrical impulses away from soma

A

axon

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6
Q

sends signals to other cells

A

axon terminals

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7
Q
  • holds neurons in place
  • make and move nutrients
  • form the myelin sheath
  • remove toxins
    these are all the characteristics of:
A

glial cells

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8
Q

what are the two basic functions of neurons?

A

1) generate electricity
2) release chemicals

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9
Q

what are the three basic steps of cell activation?

A

1) cell is at rest with electrical resting potential
2) cell is stimulated and ions flow across cell membrane
3) absolute refractory period

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10
Q

what is the charge of a neuron at rest?

A

-70mV

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11
Q

what is depolarization?

A

cell is stimulated and sodium ions flow into the cell

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12
Q

what is repolarization?

A

opens ion channels to let potassium out of the cell

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13
Q

true or false: the cell can fire during the absolute refractory period

A

false

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14
Q

what is the all-or-none law?

A

action potentials occur at a uniform and maximal intensity

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15
Q

a fatty, white insulation layer derived from glial cells during development that insulate neurons

A

myelin sheath

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16
Q

places where the myelin sheath is either extremely thin or absent, allowing conduction to “skip ahead”

A

nodes of ranvier

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17
Q

the nodes of ranvier allow for _______ signals

A

faster

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18
Q

true or false: neurons do not make physical contact at the synapse

A

true

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19
Q

neurons communicate across gaps called a:

A

synaptic cleft

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20
Q

chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse to either excite other neurons, or inhibit their firing

A

neurotransmitters

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21
Q

the five stages of chemical communication are:

A

1) synthesis
2) storage
3) release
4) binding
5) deactivation

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22
Q

the creation of neurotransmitters is:

A

synthesis

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23
Q

neurotransmitters are stored in:

A

synaptic vesicles

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24
Q

neurotransmitters attach to __________ on the post synaptic neuron

A

receptor sites

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25
Q

neurotransmitters that increase the resting potential of post-synaptic neuron (increase hyperpolarization) are:

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

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26
Q

neurotransmitters that decrease resting potential of post-synaptic neuron are:

A

excitatory neurotransmitter

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27
Q

what does it mean to have specialized neurotransmitters?

A

different brain systems are sensitive to different transmitters

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28
Q

which neurotransmitter is excitatory, is expressed in the whole brain, and is responsible for learning and memory?

A

glutamate

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29
Q

which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, expressed in the whole brain, and is responsible for anxiety and motor control?

A

GABA

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30
Q

which neurotransmitter is excitatory, and is involved in muscle movement and memory?

A

acetylcholine

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31
Q

which neurotransmitter is both excitatory and inhibitory, functions at various sites, and is involved in learning, memory, wakefulness, and eating, and can also cause depression and panic disorders?

A

norepinephrine

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32
Q

which neurotransmitter is mostly inhibitory, functions at various sites, is involved in mood, eating, sleep, and arousal; and is associated with depression, sleeping, and eating disorders?

A

serotonin

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33
Q

which neurotransmitter is both excitatory and inhibitory, functions at various sites, is involved with voluntary movement, learning, motivation, and pleasure; and is associated with depression, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia?

A

dopamine

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34
Q

which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, is involved with insensitivity to pain (oversupply), and hypersensitivity to pain and immune problems (undersupply)

A

endorphins

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35
Q

neurons that carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain are:

A

sensory neurons

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36
Q

neurons that transmit output impulses from the brain and the spinal chord to muscles and organs are:

A

motor neurons

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37
Q

neurons that perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system are:

A

interneurons

38
Q

what two types of neurons are in the somatic nervous system?

A

sensory and motor neurons

39
Q

what is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

voluntary motor control

40
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

involuntary functions such as respiration, circulation, and digestion

41
Q

the two subsections of the autonomic system are the:

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

42
Q

what part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for activation and arousal?

A

sympathetic

43
Q

what part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing down body processes and returning the body to a state of rest?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

44
Q

what is the central nervous system made up of?

A

the spinal cord and brain

45
Q

simple stimulus-response sequences that are triggered at the spinal cord are:

A

spinal reflexes

46
Q

what part of the brain is highly developed, with numerous functions?

A

forebrain

47
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for reflex actions and voluntary movements?

A

midbrain

48
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for vital functions and coordinating movements?

A

hindbrain

49
Q

what are the five key components of the forebrain?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
50
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
51
Q

the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres involved in thinking and mental processes is the:

A

cerebral cortex

52
Q

collections of neurons crucial to motor function are the:

A

basal ganglia

53
Q

the part of the limbic system responsible for memory is the:

A

hippocampus

54
Q

the part of the limbic system responsible for emotional response is the:

A

amygdala

55
Q

the reward system in the limbic system is the:

A

nucleus accumbens

56
Q

the part of the forebrain that relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the cortex is the:

A

thalamus

57
Q

the part of the forebrain that regulates basic biological drives is the:

A

hypothalamus

58
Q

the three main parts of the midbrain are the:

A
  • reticular formation
  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi
59
Q

what part of the midbrain is involved in the regulation of consciousness, sleep, wakefulness, and attention?

A

reticular formation

60
Q

what part of the midbrain is involved in vision?

A

superior colliculi

61
Q

what part of the midbrain is involved in hearing?

A

inferior colliculi

62
Q

what are the three main parts of the hindbrain/brainstem?

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • cerebellum
63
Q

what part of the hindbrain controls heart activity, breathing, swallowing, and digestion?

A

the medulla

64
Q

what part of the hindbrain is the relay station for signals between higher levels of the nervous system and lower levels, regulates sleep and dreaming, controls muscles and glands in the face and neck, and controls vital functions like respiration?

A

the pons

65
Q

what part of the hindbrain controls bodily coordination, balance and muscle tone, and is involved in muscle memory?

A

cerebellum

66
Q

what is the Broca’s area?

A

part of the brain responsible for speech formation

67
Q

what is Wernicke’s area?

A

part of the brain responsible for speech understanding

68
Q

which part of the cerebral cortex controls the muscles involved in voluntary body movements?

A

motor cortex

69
Q

which part of the cerebral cortex receives input (heat, touch, cold, balance)?

A

somatic sensory cortex

70
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

temporal lobe of both hemispheres

71
Q

where is the primary visual cortex?

A

occipital lobe

72
Q

what is the association cortex?

A

involved in higher levels of function, found within all lobes of the cerebral cortex

73
Q

what part of the brain is associated with creativity, feelings, intuition, humour, colour, rhythm, and physical senses?

A

the right hemisphere

74
Q

which side of the body does the right hemisphere connect to?

A

the left side

75
Q

which part of the brain is associated with analytical thinking, logic, rules, structure, mathematics, speech, language, and time?

A

the left hemisphere

76
Q

which part of the body does the left hemisphere connect to?

A

the right side

77
Q

where is the left visual field processed?

A

right hemisphere of the brain

78
Q

where is the right visual field processed?

A

left hemisphere of the brain

79
Q

what part of the brain allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate?

A

corpus callosum

80
Q

what is the procedure where the corpus callosum is severed? what is this procedure used to treat?

A

corpus callostomy, used to treat epilepsy

81
Q

which brain imaging technique measures activity
(how often neurons are firing) via electrodes?

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

82
Q

which brain imaging technique builds a picture of the brain based on the differential absorption of x-rays?

A

computer tomography (CT)

83
Q

what are some pros and cons of a CT?

A

pros: cheap, good at showing structure
cons: does not show what is active, not the greatest image

84
Q

which brain imaging technique builds a picture of the brain using trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material?

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

85
Q

what are some pros and cons of a PET?

A

pros: cheap, shows what’s active
cons: does not show structure, more general

86
Q

which brain imaging technique builds a picture of the brain using a strong magnetic field that interacts with tissues?

A

structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

87
Q

what are some pros and cons of an MRI?

A

pros: high quality image, only structure not function
cons: expensive, hard to access

88
Q

which brain imaging technique detects changes in blood oxygenation and flow?

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

89
Q

what are some pros and cons of an fMRI?

A

pros: shows function and structure, very accurate
cons: expensive, hard to interpret

90
Q

which brain imaging technique builds a picture of water movement in the brain (showing direction and connectivity between different parts of the brain) using an MRI scanner?

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

91
Q

which brain imaging technique uses infrared light to measure changes in blood oxygenation?

A

near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

92
Q

which brain imaging technique induces electrical activity via magnetic field, allowing us to turn different parts of the brain on and off?

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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