Chapter 3 - The Biological Bases of Behaviour Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
the specialized cells that make up the nervous system are:
A
neurons
2
Q
the four parts of the neuron are:
A
- cell body (soma)
- dendrites
- axon
- axon terminals
3
Q
the structure that keeps the cell alive is the:
A
soma
4
Q
“branches” from the cell body that receive signals are:
A
dendrites
5
Q
conducts electrical impulses away from soma
A
axon
6
Q
sends signals to other cells
A
axon terminals
7
Q
- holds neurons in place
- make and move nutrients
- form the myelin sheath
- remove toxins
these are all the characteristics of:
A
glial cells
8
Q
what are the two basic functions of neurons?
A
1) generate electricity
2) release chemicals
9
Q
what are the three basic steps of cell activation?
A
1) cell is at rest with electrical resting potential
2) cell is stimulated and ions flow across cell membrane
3) absolute refractory period
10
Q
what is the charge of a neuron at rest?
A
-70mV
11
Q
what is depolarization?
A
cell is stimulated and sodium ions flow into the cell
12
Q
what is repolarization?
A
opens ion channels to let potassium out of the cell
13
Q
true or false: the cell can fire during the absolute refractory period
A
false
14
Q
what is the all-or-none law?
A
action potentials occur at a uniform and maximal intensity
15
Q
a fatty, white insulation layer derived from glial cells during development that insulate neurons
A
myelin sheath
16
Q
places where the myelin sheath is either extremely thin or absent, allowing conduction to “skip ahead”
A
nodes of ranvier
17
Q
the nodes of ranvier allow for _______ signals
A
faster
18
Q
true or false: neurons do not make physical contact at the synapse
A
true
19
Q
neurons communicate across gaps called a:
A
synaptic cleft
20
Q
chemical substances that carry messages across the synapse to either excite other neurons, or inhibit their firing
A
neurotransmitters
21
Q
the five stages of chemical communication are:
A
1) synthesis
2) storage
3) release
4) binding
5) deactivation
22
Q
the creation of neurotransmitters is:
A
synthesis
23
Q
neurotransmitters are stored in:
A
synaptic vesicles
24
Q
neurotransmitters attach to __________ on the post synaptic neuron
A
receptor sites
25
neurotransmitters that increase the resting potential of post-synaptic neuron (increase hyperpolarization) are:
inhibitory neurotransmitters
26
neurotransmitters that decrease resting potential of post-synaptic neuron are:
excitatory neurotransmitter
27
what does it mean to have specialized neurotransmitters?
different brain systems are sensitive to different transmitters
28
which neurotransmitter is excitatory, is expressed in the whole brain, and is responsible for learning and memory?
glutamate
29
which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, expressed in the whole brain, and is responsible for anxiety and motor control?
GABA
30
which neurotransmitter is excitatory, and is involved in muscle movement and memory?
acetylcholine
31
which neurotransmitter is both excitatory and inhibitory, functions at various sites, and is involved in learning, memory, wakefulness, and eating, and can also cause depression and panic disorders?
norepinephrine
32
which neurotransmitter is mostly inhibitory, functions at various sites, is involved in mood, eating, sleep, and arousal; and is associated with depression, sleeping, and eating disorders?
serotonin
33
which neurotransmitter is both excitatory and inhibitory, functions at various sites, is involved with voluntary movement, learning, motivation, and pleasure; and is associated with depression, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia?
dopamine
34
which neurotransmitter is inhibitory, is involved with insensitivity to pain (oversupply), and hypersensitivity to pain and immune problems (undersupply)
endorphins
35
neurons that carry input messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain are:
sensory neurons
36
neurons that transmit output impulses from the brain and the spinal chord to muscles and organs are:
motor neurons
37
neurons that perform connective or associative functions within the nervous system are:
interneurons
38
what two types of neurons are in the somatic nervous system?
sensory and motor neurons
39
what is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
voluntary motor control
40
what is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
involuntary functions such as respiration, circulation, and digestion
41
the two subsections of the autonomic system are the:
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
42
what part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for activation and arousal?
sympathetic
43
what part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for slowing down body processes and returning the body to a state of rest?
parasympathetic nervous system
44
what is the central nervous system made up of?
the spinal cord and brain
45
simple stimulus-response sequences that are triggered at the spinal cord are:
spinal reflexes
46
what part of the brain is highly developed, with numerous functions?
forebrain
47
what part of the brain is responsible for reflex actions and voluntary movements?
midbrain
48
what part of the brain is responsible for vital functions and coordinating movements?
hindbrain
49
what are the five key components of the forebrain?
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
50
what are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
51
the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres involved in thinking and mental processes is the:
cerebral cortex
52
collections of neurons crucial to motor function are the:
basal ganglia
53
the part of the limbic system responsible for memory is the:
hippocampus
54
the part of the limbic system responsible for emotional response is the:
amygdala
55
the reward system in the limbic system is the:
nucleus accumbens
56
the part of the forebrain that relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons that project to the appropriate region in the cortex is the:
thalamus
57
the part of the forebrain that regulates basic biological drives is the:
hypothalamus
58
the three main parts of the midbrain are the:
- reticular formation
- superior colliculi
- inferior colliculi
59
what part of the midbrain is involved in the regulation of consciousness, sleep, wakefulness, and attention?
reticular formation
60
what part of the midbrain is involved in vision?
superior colliculi
61
what part of the midbrain is involved in hearing?
inferior colliculi
62
what are the three main parts of the hindbrain/brainstem?
- medulla
- pons
- cerebellum
63
what part of the hindbrain controls heart activity, breathing, swallowing, and digestion?
the medulla
64
what part of the hindbrain is the relay station for signals between higher levels of the nervous system and lower levels, regulates sleep and dreaming, controls muscles and glands in the face and neck, and controls vital functions like respiration?
the pons
65
what part of the hindbrain controls bodily coordination, balance and muscle tone, and is involved in muscle memory?
cerebellum
66
what is the Broca's area?
part of the brain responsible for speech formation
67
what is Wernicke's area?
part of the brain responsible for speech understanding
68
which part of the cerebral cortex controls the muscles involved in voluntary body movements?
motor cortex
69
which part of the cerebral cortex receives input (heat, touch, cold, balance)?
somatic sensory cortex
70
where is the primary auditory cortex located?
temporal lobe of both hemispheres
71
where is the primary visual cortex?
occipital lobe
72
what is the association cortex?
involved in higher levels of function, found within all lobes of the cerebral cortex
73
what part of the brain is associated with creativity, feelings, intuition, humour, colour, rhythm, and physical senses?
the right hemisphere
74
which side of the body does the right hemisphere connect to?
the left side
75
which part of the brain is associated with analytical thinking, logic, rules, structure, mathematics, speech, language, and time?
the left hemisphere
76
which part of the body does the left hemisphere connect to?
the right side
77
where is the left visual field processed?
right hemisphere of the brain
78
where is the right visual field processed?
left hemisphere of the brain
79
what part of the brain allows the left and right hemispheres to communicate?
corpus callosum
80
what is the procedure where the corpus callosum is severed? what is this procedure used to treat?
corpus callostomy, used to treat epilepsy
81
which brain imaging technique measures activity
(how often neurons are firing) via electrodes?
electroencephalography (EEG)
82
which brain imaging technique builds a picture of the brain based on the differential absorption of x-rays?
computer tomography (CT)
83
what are some pros and cons of a CT?
pros: cheap, good at showing structure
cons: does not show what is active, not the greatest image
84
which brain imaging technique builds a picture of the brain using trace amounts of short-lived radioactive material?
positron emission tomography (PET)
85
what are some pros and cons of a PET?
pros: cheap, shows what's active
cons: does not show structure, more general
86
which brain imaging technique builds a picture of the brain using a strong magnetic field that interacts with tissues?
structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
87
what are some pros and cons of an MRI?
pros: high quality image, only structure not function
cons: expensive, hard to access
88
which brain imaging technique detects changes in blood oxygenation and flow?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
89
what are some pros and cons of an fMRI?
pros: shows function and structure, very accurate
cons: expensive, hard to interpret
90
which brain imaging technique builds a picture of water movement in the brain (showing direction and connectivity between different parts of the brain) using an MRI scanner?
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
91
which brain imaging technique uses infrared light to measure changes in blood oxygenation?
near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
92
which brain imaging technique induces electrical activity via magnetic field, allowing us to turn different parts of the brain on and off?
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
