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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

what is motivation?

A

a process that influences goal-directed behaviour

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2
Q

what is the instinct theory based on?

A

Darwin’s theory of evolution

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3
Q

an inherited predisposition to behave a certain way in response to certain stimuli is:

A

instinct

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4
Q

why is instinct theory not widely accepted?

A

circular reasoning

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5
Q

the modern evolutionary psychology view is a part of:

A

instinct theory 2.0

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6
Q

internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain is:

A

homeostasis theory

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7
Q

what are the four main steps to homeostasis theory?

A

1) sensors
2) control centre
3) response system
4) internal state

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8
Q

physiological disruptions to homeostasis produce __________. this is a part of ___________.

A

drives, drive theory

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9
Q

drives motivate behaviours to reduce __________

A

internal tension

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10
Q

homeostasis theory is applied to:

A

thirst, hunger, body temperature, weight, sleep, etc.

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11
Q

drive theory is less influential today because:

A

people behave contrary to its predictions

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12
Q

something that motivates or encourages an organism to do something is:

A

incentive (theory)

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13
Q

incentive provides a _______ toward a goal

A

pull

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14
Q

stimuli have a(n) _________ value

A

incentive

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15
Q

incentive theory is applied to understanding:

A

drug abuse

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16
Q

incentive theories are akin to __________ conditioning; where expectancy theories are akin to __________ conditioning.

A

classical, operant

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17
Q

under the expectancy theory, goal directed behaviours are driven by:

A
  • strength of the expectation
  • value that a person places on a goal
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18
Q

what are the two types of motivation:

A
  • intrinsic motivation
  • extrinsic motivation
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19
Q

performing an activity for its own sake is:

A

intrinsic motivation

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20
Q

performing an activity to obtain an external reward or to avoid punishment is:

A

extrinsic motivation

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21
Q

Freud proposed that most behaviour came from unconscious impulses and psychological defences, where conflict produces energy that needs to be released. this is:

A

the psychodynamic theory

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22
Q

under the psychodynamic theory, our strongest drives are:

A

sex and aggression

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23
Q

under the humanistic theory, there are two categories of needs, what are they?

A
  • deficiency needs
  • growth needs
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24
Q

needs concerned with physical and social survival are:

A

deficiency needs

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25
Q

needs that push us to develop our potential, and that are unique to humans, are:

A

growth needs

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26
Q

the end goal of the humanistic theory is:

A

self-actualization

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27
Q

deficiency and growth needs are arranged in a:

A

hierarchy

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28
Q

what are some issues with the hierarchy of needs?

A
  • self actualization is a vague goal
  • does not explain behaviours that go against the ranking of needs (ex: dieting)
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29
Q

what are the three key components of the self-determination theory?

A
  • competence
  • autonomy
  • relatedness
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30
Q

hunger is a basic biological ________

A

drive

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31
Q

when feeling hungry, biology provides a __________, while expectation of a flavour provides a __________

A

push, pull

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32
Q
  • decline of blood glucose levels over time
  • liver converts stored nutrients into glucose
  • causes blood glucose levels to rise
    this cycle of increase and decrease in blood glucose levels are signals that:
A

start a meal

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33
Q

the peptide that is secreted by the stomach and small intestine, and is responsible for signalling hunger is:

A

ghrelin

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34
Q

the hormone secreted by fat cells that signals the brain to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure is:

A

leptin

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35
Q

mice with an ob gene mutation lack:

A

leptin

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36
Q

structures in hypothalamus play a role in regulating:

A

hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, body temperature

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37
Q

eating is __________ reinforced by good tastes

A

positively

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38
Q

eating is ____________ reinforced by hunger reduction

A

negatively

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39
Q

the viewing of human bodies as objects is:

A

objectification theory

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40
Q

genes influence ______________ and tendency to store energy as fat or lean tissue

A

basal metabolism

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41
Q
  • inexpensive, tasty foods high in fat/carbs
  • “supersizing” due to the cultural value of getting best value
  • decreased daily activity due to technological advances
    these are environmental factors that influence:
A

obesity

42
Q

what are some motivations to have sex?

A
  • reproduction
  • pleasure
  • expression of love and intimacy
  • peer pressure :(
43
Q

true or false: the theories on pornography studied in class are supported by research

A

false

44
Q
  • learning through observation
  • coercion and domination are acceptable
  • viewers become sexually aggressive
    these are all aspects of the:
A

social learning theory prediction

45
Q
  • Freudian aspects of inborn aggression
  • viewing pornography provides “safe” outlet
    these are aspects of the:
A

catharsis theory prediction

46
Q

emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex is:

A

sexual orientation

47
Q

what is the uni-dimensional view?

A

“exclusively heterosexual” or “exclusively homosexual”

48
Q

what are the three dimensions of sexual orientation?

A
  • self-identity
  • sexual attraction
  • actual sexual behaviour
49
Q
  • hereditary predisposition
  • biological, psychological, and environmental factors (still debated)
    these are all current theories for:
A

the determinants of sexual orientation

50
Q
  • differences in sex hormones
  • ineffectual father; domineering mother
  • seduction by adult homosexual
    these are all old theories for:
A

the determinants of sexual orientation

51
Q

the evidence for genetics being a determinant for sexual orientation is:

A

concordance rates being higher amongst identical twins than fraternal twins

52
Q

focuses on the manner in which success is defined both by the individual and within the achievement situation itself is:

A

achievement goal theory

53
Q

the desire to master tasks and learn new knowledge and skills (intrinsic motivation) is:

A

mastery orientation

54
Q

the desire to be judged fairly compared to others, with as little effort as possible, is:

A

performance orientation

55
Q

those with a high fear of failure will display:

A
  • performance-approach goals
  • performance-avoidance goals
56
Q

performance-approach goals are:

A

the desire to be judged favourably according to others

57
Q

performance avoidance goals are:

A

the desire to avoid negative judgement, which impairs performance

58
Q
  • ambitious
  • persist longer at difficult tasks
  • perform best when conditions are challenging
    these are all traits of:
A

high-need achievers

59
Q

people tend to prefer situations of _________ chance of success

A

intermediate

60
Q

the type of conflict where you must decide between two desirable or attractive goals is:

A

approach-approach conflict

61
Q

the type of conflict where you must decide between two undesirable or negative goals is:

A

avoidance-avoidance conflict

62
Q

the type of conflict where you are being repelled and attracted by the same goals is:

A

approach-avoidance conflict

63
Q

consequences in the future have a decrease in the value of incentive, this is:

A

delay discounting

64
Q

what is emotion?

A

mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences

65
Q

what is the link between motivation and emotion?

A

react when goals are gratified, threatened, or frustrated

66
Q

emotions that narrow attention and increase physiological activation are:

A

negative emotions

67
Q

emotions that broaden thinking, exploration and skill learning are:

A

positive emotions

68
Q

emotions are a response to:

A

eliciting stimuli

69
Q

emotions result from ____________ of the stimuli

A

cognitive appraisal

70
Q

bodies respond ____________ to stimuli

A

physiologically

71
Q

emotions include _____________, including expressive and instrumental behaviour

A

behaviour tendencies

72
Q

adults are primed to respond to ______________ stimuli

A

evolutionarily significant

73
Q

previous experiences can affect current emotional experiences, this is:

A

learning

74
Q

what allows for interpretation and evaluation of sensory stimuli?

A

cognitive appraisal

75
Q

is there an effect of culture on cognitive appraisal?

A

yes

76
Q

the destruction of which parts of the brain can produce aggression?

A

hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

77
Q

the ability to regulate emotion comes from the:

A

cerebral cortex

78
Q

the thalamus sends sensory input along two independent neural pathways, this is known as:

A

the dual pathway of emotion

79
Q

where are the two neural pathways in the dual pathway of emotion?

A

1) the amygdala
2) the cerebral cortex

80
Q

the amygdala is responsible for:

A

emotional and behavioural reaction

81
Q

the cerebral cortex is responsible for:

A

conscious interpretation

82
Q

true or false: the amygdala can process input before interpretation by the cerebral cortex

A

true

83
Q

people with hippocampal damage can still acquire a:

A

fear response

84
Q

which side of the brain is associated with positive emotion?

A

the left hemisphere

85
Q

which side of the brain is associated with negative emotions?

A

the right hemisphere

86
Q

observable displays of emotion are:

A

expressive behaviours

87
Q

expressive behaviours allow us to _______ emotion and react accordingly

A

read

88
Q

what are two examples that show there are fundamental emotional patterns?

A
  • expression of emotions that are similar across cultures
  • children blind from birth express basic emotions like other kids do
89
Q

under an evolutionary view, certain emotions are:

A

innate

90
Q

behaviours directed at achieving a goal are:

A

instrumental behaviours

91
Q

the theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions, even if they combine in complex way is:

A

discrete emotions theory

92
Q

the cultural evidence for the discrete emotions theory is:

A

people recognize and generate the same emotional expressions across cultures

93
Q

what are the seven primary emotions of the discrete emotions theory?

A
  • happiness
  • disgust
  • fear
  • sadness
  • surprise
  • contempt
  • anger
94
Q

cultures differ in their societal guidelines for how and when to:

A

express emotion

95
Q

primary emotions can be differentiable by:

A

physiological responses

96
Q

the concept that emotions are products of thinking is:

A

cognitive theories of emotion

97
Q

the theory that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli is:

A

James-Lange theory

98
Q

the theory that an emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotional and bodily reaction is:

A

Cannon-Bard theory

99
Q

the theory that we use our “gut reactions” to gauge how we should act is:

A

somatic marker theory

100
Q

the theory that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal is:

A

two-factor theory

101
Q

the idea that you are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features is the:

A

facial feedback hypothesis

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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