Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 1

the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present is:

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

what are the three different types of memory?

Answer 2

• sensory
• short-term (working)
• long-term

Question 3

what are the three steps of memory?

Answer 3

1) encoding
2) storage
3) retrieval

Question 4

the translation of information into a neural code so that it can be stored for later use is:

Answer 4

encoding

Question 5

the process by which information is retained over time is:

Answer 5

storage

Question 6

the process of pulling information back out of your mind for use is:

Answer 6

retrieval

Question 7

what is sensory memory?

Answer 7

briefly holds sensory information

Question 8

the subsystem of sensory memory that decides which information is important is:

Answer 8

sensory registers

Question 9

what are the two types of sensory registers and what do they do?

Answer 9

• iconic store: holds visual information
• echoic store: holds auditory information

Question 10

flashing an array of letters on a screen and then having participants recall either a whole or partial report is a way of:

Answer 10

measuring capacity and duration of iconic sensory register

Question 11

what type of memory temporarily stores and processes a limited amount of information in consciousness?

Answer 11

short-term memory

Question 12

what is the limited capacity of short-term memory?

Answer 12

7 plus or minus 2 “bits” of information

Question 13

what are the four ways to store short term/ working memory?

Answer 13

• visually
• phonologically
• semantically
• action

Question 14

the method of increasing short term memory capacity where you group units into “bits” is called:

Answer 14

chunking

Question 15

what are the two methods of increasing short term memory duration?

Answer 15

• maintenance rehearsal
• elaborative rehearsal

Question 16

the limited-capacity system for storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks is:

Answer 16

working memory

Question 17

how long does working memory last?

Answer 17

20 seconds

Question 18

the “library” of memories with durable storage of past events and learned knowledge is the:

Answer 18

long term memory

Question 19

what are the two types of long term memory?

Answer 19

• declarative memory
• procedural memory

Question 20

the type of long term memory that can be verbalized is:

Answer 20

declarative memory

Question 21

the type of long term memory that is focused on skills and actions is:

Answer 21

procedural memory

Question 22

what are the two types of declarative memory?

Answer 22

• episodic
• semantic

Question 23

episodic declarative memory is focused on ________

Answer 23

personal experiences

Question 24

semantic declarative memory is focused on ________

Answer 24

general factual knowledge

Question 25

the loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge is:

Answer 25

anterograde amnesia

Question 26

the loss of memory for events that happened in the past is:

Answer 26

retrograde amnesia

Question 27

what is dissociation?

Answer 27

the idea that short term and long term memory are two different systems

Question 28

who had a bilateral temporal lobectomy (removal of parts of the hippocampus and amygdala) which cause a decrease in epileptic seizures, but cause anterograde amnesia?

Answer 28

Henry Molaison

Question 29

Henry Molaison was able to perform normally on intellectual assessments and working memory tests, which showed that his ___________ was intact.

Answer 29

short term memory

Question 30

does working memory require medial temporal structures (hippocampus, amygdala, etc)?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

true or false: declarative memory and procedural memory are a part of the same system in the brain

Answer 31

false

Question 32

the hippocampus is responsible for what kind of memory?

Answer 32

declarative long term memory

Question 33

who was involved in a motorcycle accident that damaged the left parietal occipital region of their brain, causing damage to short term memory?

Answer 33

K.F.

Question 34

K.F. taught us that:

Answer 34

long term memory does not require short term memory to encode new information

Question 35

who was subject to a viral infection that caused both retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

Answer 35

Clive Wearing

Question 36

true or false: Clive Wearing is unable to use procedural memory

Answer 36

false

Question 37

what effect describes the relationship between a word's position in a list and its probability or recall?

Answer 37

serial position effect

Question 38

what effect states that it is easier to remember things at the beginning of a list?

Answer 38

primacy effect

Question 39

what effect states that it is easier to remember things at the end of a list?

Answer 39

recency effect

Question 40

the process of intentionally encoding information is called:

Answer 40

effortful processing

Question 41

the process of unintentionally encoding information (requires little attention) is called:

Answer 41

automatic processing

Question 42

what are the three levels of processing?

Answer 42

1) structural 2) phonemic 3) semantic

Question 43

deeper processing facilitates _______ memory recall

Answer 43

stronger

Question 44

repeating information over and over is known as:

Answer 44

maintenance rehearsal

Question 45

adding to already existing information and creating deeper meaning is:

Answer 45

elaborative rehearsal

Question 46

what are mnemonic devices?

Answer 46

mental strategies that aide in remembering information

Question 47

what are the four main types of mnemonic devices?

Answer 47

- simple - semantic - visual-based - complex

Question 48

the type of simple mnemonics where items are organized based on how they are related is:

Answer 48

hierarchies

Question 49

the type of simple mnemonics where items are combined into larger units of meaning is:

Answer 49

chunking

Question 50

- non-interacting, non-bizarre - non-interacting, bizarre - interacting, non-bizarre - interacting, bizarre these are all forms of:

Answer 50

visual-based mnemonics

Question 51

what is the best type of visual based mnemonics?

Answer 51

interacting, bizarre

Question 52

what are the two types of semantic mnemonics?

Answer 52

- first-letter technique - narrative technique

Question 53

the complex mnemonic device where you link what you need to remember with a place that you know well (real or not) is:

Answer 53

method of loci

Question 54

how we retain information over time

Answer 54

storage

Question 55

the theory that memory can be represented as a network of associated concepts is:

Answer 55

associative networks

Question 56

in an associative network, shorter lines mean _______ relationships

Answer 56

stronger

Question 57

thinking about one concept will activate other related concepts. this is:

Answer 57

associative networks

Question 58

the idea where exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention is:

Answer 58

priming

Question 59

where is a single concept stored?

Answer 59

a neural network

Question 60

a pattern or set of nodes that activate together is:

Answer 60

neural network

Question 61

the process of transferring information from long term memory back into working memory is:

Answer 61

retrieval

Question 62

what is the value of distinctness?

Answer 62

things that stand out are more easily recalled

Question 63

a memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event is a:

Answer 63

flashbulb memories

Question 64

true or false: flashbulb memories grow less accurate with the passage of time

Answer 64

true

Question 65

stimuli that lead to activation of information stored in long term memory are:

Answer 65

cues

Question 66

multiple cues lead to ________ retrieval

Answer 66

better

Question 67

being shown a list of words without having to memorize things and then fill in the blanks using those words (implicit memory) is called:

Answer 67

priming tasks

Question 68

retrieval can be increased by ___________ the conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed at encoding

Answer 68

matching

Question 69

what are the three ways to achieve matching?

Answer 69

- encoding specificity - state-dependent learning - transfer-appropriate processing

Question 70

learning information together with its context is:

Answer 70

encoding specificity

Question 71

learning associated with a particular internal state:

Answer 71

state-dependent learning

Question 72

memory performance is better if type of task at encoding matches type of task at retrieval, this is known as:

Answer 72

transfer-appropriate processing

Question 73

what are the two reasons that people forget things?

Answer 73

1) encoding failure 2) decay of memory trace

Question 74

- lack of attention - lack of deep processing these are reasons for:

Answer 74

encoding failure

Question 75

long-term physical trace in the nervous system fades away over time and with disuse is:

Answer 75

decay of memory trace

Question 76

information forgotten because other items in long term memory impair ability of retrieve it is:

Answer 76

interference theory

Question 77

past material interferes with recall of newer material is:

Answer 77

proactive interference

Question 78

new information interferes with ability to recall older information is:

Answer 78

retroactive interference

Question 79

what is repression?

Answer 79

motivated forgetting

Question 80

why does repression occur?

Answer 80

protects us by blocking the recall of anxiety-arousing memories

Question 81

impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning is:

Answer 81

dementia

Question 82

what is Alzheimer's disease?

Answer 82

severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia caused by dementia eating the brain

Question 83

where does Alzheimer's disease spread?

Answer 83

the frontal lobes and other cortical regions

Question 84

memory is a constructive process, meaning that humans piece together information intuitively, which means that memory can become:

Answer 84

distorted

Question 85

the concept of memory distortion is important for eye witness testimony because:

Answer 85

suggestive questioning can lead to inaccurate recall

Question 86

the hippocampus helps to consolidate _______________

Answer 86

long-term declarative memories