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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 8 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards

1
Q

the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present is:

A

memory

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2
Q

what are the three different types of memory?

A
  • sensory
  • short-term (working)
  • long-term
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3
Q

what are the three steps of memory?

A

1) encoding
2) storage
3) retrieval

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4
Q

the translation of information into a neural code so that it can be stored for later use is:

A

encoding

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5
Q

the process by which information is retained over time is:

A

storage

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6
Q

the process of pulling information back out of your mind for use is:

A

retrieval

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7
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

briefly holds sensory information

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8
Q

the subsystem of sensory memory that decides which information is important is:

A

sensory registers

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9
Q

what are the two types of sensory registers and what do they do?

A
  • iconic store: holds visual information
  • echoic store: holds auditory information
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10
Q

flashing an array of letters on a screen and then having participants recall either a whole or partial report is a way of:

A

measuring capacity and duration of iconic sensory register

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11
Q

what type of memory temporarily stores and processes a limited amount of information in consciousness?

A

short-term memory

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12
Q

what is the limited capacity of short-term memory?

A

7 plus or minus 2 “bits” of information

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13
Q

what are the four ways to store short term/ working memory?

A
  • visually
  • phonologically
  • semantically
  • action
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14
Q

the method of increasing short term memory capacity where you group units into “bits” is called:

A

chunking

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15
Q

what are the two methods of increasing short term memory duration?

A
  • maintenance rehearsal
  • elaborative rehearsal
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16
Q

the limited-capacity system for storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks is:

A

working memory

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17
Q

how long does working memory last?

A

20 seconds

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18
Q

the “library” of memories with durable storage of past events and learned knowledge is the:

A

long term memory

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19
Q

what are the two types of long term memory?

A
  • declarative memory
  • procedural memory
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20
Q

the type of long term memory that can be verbalized is:

A

declarative memory

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21
Q

the type of long term memory that is focused on skills and actions is:

A

procedural memory

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22
Q

what are the two types of declarative memory?

A
  • episodic
  • semantic
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23
Q

episodic declarative memory is focused on ________

A

personal experiences

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24
Q

semantic declarative memory is focused on ________

A

general factual knowledge

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25
Q

the loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge is:

A

anterograde amnesia

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26
Q

the loss of memory for events that happened in the past is:

A

retrograde amnesia

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27
Q

what is dissociation?

A

the idea that short term and long term memory are two different systems

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28
Q

who had a bilateral temporal lobectomy (removal of parts of the hippocampus and amygdala) which cause a decrease in epileptic seizures, but cause anterograde amnesia?

A

Henry Molaison

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29
Q

Henry Molaison was able to perform normally on intellectual assessments and working memory tests, which showed that his ___________ was intact.

A

short term memory

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30
Q

does working memory require medial temporal structures (hippocampus, amygdala, etc)?

A

no

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31
Q

true or false: declarative memory and procedural memory are a part of the same system in the brain

A

false

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32
Q

the hippocampus is responsible for what kind of memory?

A

declarative long term memory

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33
Q

who was involved in a motorcycle accident that damaged the left parietal occipital region of their brain, causing damage to short term memory?

A

K.F.

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34
Q

K.F. taught us that:

A

long term memory does not require short term memory to encode new information

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35
Q

who was subject to a viral infection that caused both retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A

Clive Wearing

36
Q

true or false: Clive Wearing is unable to use procedural memory

A

false

37
Q

what effect describes the relationship between a word’s position in a list and its probability or recall?

A

serial position effect

38
Q

what effect states that it is easier to remember things at the beginning of a list?

A

primacy effect

39
Q

what effect states that it is easier to remember things at the end of a list?

A

recency effect

40
Q

the process of intentionally encoding information is called:

A

effortful processing

41
Q

the process of unintentionally encoding information (requires little attention) is called:

A

automatic processing

42
Q

what are the three levels of processing?

A

1) structural
2) phonemic
3) semantic

43
Q

deeper processing facilitates _______ memory recall

A

stronger

44
Q

repeating information over and over is known as:

A

maintenance rehearsal

45
Q

adding to already existing information and creating deeper meaning is:

A

elaborative rehearsal

46
Q

what are mnemonic devices?

A

mental strategies that aide in remembering information

47
Q

what are the four main types of mnemonic devices?

A
  • simple
  • semantic
  • visual-based
  • complex
48
Q

the type of simple mnemonics where items are organized based on how they are related is:

A

hierarchies

49
Q

the type of simple mnemonics where items are combined into larger units of meaning is:

A

chunking

50
Q
  • non-interacting, non-bizarre
  • non-interacting, bizarre
  • interacting, non-bizarre
  • interacting, bizarre
    these are all forms of:
A

visual-based mnemonics

51
Q

what is the best type of visual based mnemonics?

A

interacting, bizarre

52
Q

what are the two types of semantic mnemonics?

A
  • first-letter technique
  • narrative technique
53
Q

the complex mnemonic device where you link what you need to remember with a place that you know well (real or not) is:

A

method of loci

54
Q

how we retain information over time

A

storage

55
Q

the theory that memory can be represented as a network of associated concepts is:

A

associative networks

56
Q

in an associative network, shorter lines mean _______ relationships

A

stronger

57
Q

thinking about one concept will activate other related concepts. this is:

A

associative networks

58
Q

the idea where exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention is:

A

priming

59
Q

where is a single concept stored?

A

a neural network

60
Q

a pattern or set of nodes that activate together is:

A

neural network

61
Q

the process of transferring information from long term memory back into working memory is:

A

retrieval

62
Q

what is the value of distinctness?

A

things that stand out are more easily recalled

63
Q

a memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event is a:

A

flashbulb memories

64
Q

true or false: flashbulb memories grow less accurate with the passage of time

A

true

65
Q

stimuli that lead to activation of information stored in long term memory are:

A

cues

66
Q

multiple cues lead to ________ retrieval

A

better

67
Q

being shown a list of words without having to memorize things and then fill in the blanks using those words (implicit memory) is called:

A

priming tasks

68
Q

retrieval can be increased by ___________ the conditions at retrieval to the conditions that existed at encoding

A

matching

69
Q

what are the three ways to achieve matching?

A
  • encoding specificity
  • state-dependent learning
  • transfer-appropriate processing
70
Q

learning information together with its context is:

A

encoding specificity

71
Q

learning associated with a particular internal state:

A

state-dependent learning

72
Q

memory performance is better if type of task at encoding matches type of task at retrieval, this is known as:

A

transfer-appropriate processing

73
Q

what are the two reasons that people forget things?

A

1) encoding failure
2) decay of memory trace

74
Q
  • lack of attention
  • lack of deep processing
    these are reasons for:
A

encoding failure

75
Q

long-term physical trace in the nervous system fades away over time and with disuse is:

A

decay of memory trace

76
Q

information forgotten because other items in long term memory impair ability of retrieve it is:

A

interference theory

77
Q

past material interferes with recall of newer material is:

A

proactive interference

78
Q

new information interferes with ability to recall older information is:

A

retroactive interference

79
Q

what is repression?

A

motivated forgetting

80
Q

why does repression occur?

A

protects us by blocking the recall of anxiety-arousing memories

81
Q

impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration and interfere with normal functioning is:

A

dementia

82
Q

what is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia caused by dementia eating the brain

83
Q

where does Alzheimer’s disease spread?

A

the frontal lobes and other cortical regions

84
Q

memory is a constructive process, meaning that humans piece together information intuitively, which means that memory can become:

A

distorted

85
Q

the concept of memory distortion is important for eye witness testimony because:

A

suggestive questioning can lead to inaccurate recall

86
Q

the hippocampus helps to consolidate _______________

A

long-term declarative memories

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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