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Anatomy 102 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys are located in the ? Space

A

Retroperitoneal

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2
Q

The entrance into the kidney is called the ?

A

Hilum

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3
Q

Which structure is the first to collect the urine?

A

Calyx

The calyces (calyx) are the extensions of the pelvis that receive the urine that has been formed

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4
Q

Each minor calyx receives urine from the ?

A

Renal papilla

Renal papilla is the rounded surface at the apex of each pyramid

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5
Q

Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron

A

Interlobular vein.

Blood is not considered to be completely out of the nephron until it enters a vein.

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6
Q

Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?

A

Vasa recta

Vasa recta are branches of the periubular capillaries that dip into the medulla to encircle the loops

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7
Q

Which process is most affected by blood pressure?

A

Glomerular filtration

Blood pressure creates a sufficiently high hydrostatic pressure within the glomeruli to overcome the osmotic forces in the blood

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8
Q

Name 3 things found in the glomerular filtrate

A

Glucose, Uric acid and creatinine

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9
Q

What muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys

A

Creatinine

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10
Q

Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the ? Into the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

Name 3 things usually secreted by the kidneys?

A

Creatinine, H+, penicillin

Creatine is reabsorbed under renal threshold limit rules, creatinine is not reused.

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12
Q

The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is

A

Inulin

Inulin is a polysaccharide that is cleared from the blood totally by filtration at the glomerulus, creatinine is secreted.

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13
Q

What could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids

A

Ketone

Ketones are usually acidic end products of lipid catabolism and may result from dietary or disease causes

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14
Q

Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ? Into the urine

A

Albumin

Albumin is the most common blood protien and could spill into the urine if high blood pressure forced it through the glomerular capillaries which are normally not permeable to colloids

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15
Q

What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Peristalsis

The ureters have smooth muscle which causes peristaltic waves to move the urine

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16
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete ? When ?

A

Renin when blood pressure drops

Low blood pressure or low tubular osmotic pressure triggers activation of the renin-angiotensin system

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17
Q

Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ? Where microvilli and their numerous carrier protiens increase the surface area available for reabsorption

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

70% or more of all reabsorption occurs in the initial segment of the renal tubule

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18
Q

Why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?

A

Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate

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19
Q

In males as well as females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscles and thus is under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?

A

Within the urogenital diaphragm

The external urethral sphincter is part of the pelvis

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20
Q

What structure is last in the sequence of urine flow

A

Medulla

The medulla is the middle layer of the kidneys that contain the pyramids and columns

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21
Q

The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by

A

Microtubules

The kidney contains millions of micro tubules that run parallel to each other within the pyramids

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22
Q

The kidney secretes ? For the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

Name 3 functions of the renal system

A

Maintain blood pH
Regulate blood pressure
Control blood concentration

The kidneys filter the blood and control its concentration of electrolytes, pH, water, wastes and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys

A

25%

From 15-35% of the total blood of the cardiac output filters through the kidneys

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25
Q

What blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex

A

Interlobular artery

The interlobular arteries enter the cortex from the interlobar arteries and give off branches that surround the renal corpuscles

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26
Q

The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and ?

A

Bowman’s capsule

The glomerulus and glomerular capsule are considered a functional unit called the renal corpuscle

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27
Q

What section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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28
Q

The last part of the nephron is the

A

Collecting duct

The collecting ducts receive the distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons

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29
Q

What area actually secretes renin into the blood

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

The juxtaglomerular cells are within the affferent arteriole

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30
Q

What has the highest concentration in the urine

A

Sodium

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31
Q

What ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium

A

Potassium

Because of the sodium-potassium membrane pump, potassium always moves in the opposite direction to sodium

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32
Q

What is the average glomerular filtration rate

A

180L per day

The kidneys can filter up to 125 ml per minute or 180L per day

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33
Q

What is usually not found in urine

A

Glucose

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34
Q

How much urine is formed in 24 hours

A

1.5 L

On average, persons produce between .6 and 2.5 liters of urine daily

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35
Q

Renin acts on ? To convert it to angiotensin I

A

Angiotensinogen

36
Q

The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and

A

Adrenal cortex

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

37
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the

A

Periubular capillaries

38
Q

Most tubule reabsorption occurs at the

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

The microvilli form a brush border on the epithelial cells in the proximal tubule that effectively increase its surface area for permeability

39
Q

Name 3 things that operate under a renal threshold mechanism

A

Creatine, ascorbic acid and citric acid

40
Q

The action of aldosterone is to increase

A

Sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorbed and conserve sodium blood levels

41
Q

How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment if the nephron

A

70%

About 70% of the sodium that will be reabsorbed will occur at e proximal tubule

42
Q

The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the

A

Loop of Henle

43
Q

The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is ? Relative to the capillaries

A

Hypertonic

The fluid in the descending limb is hypertonic while the ascending limb is hypotonic

44
Q

The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to

A

Increase the concentration of NaCl

The purpose of e loop of Henle is to produce a NaCl concentration beyond what could be expected under normal physiologic rules of transport

45
Q

What affect does ADH have on urine output

A

Decreases

Anti diuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus causes the kidney to reabsorb water and reduce diuresis

46
Q

Where does ADH have its greatest effect

A

Distal convoluted tubule

ADH causes the distal convoluted tubule and the surrounding capillaries to increase their permeability to water so that it can be facultatively reabsorbed (on demand)

47
Q

Eating large amounts of meat will increase the level of ? In the blood

A

Urea

Proteins are catabolized into urea

48
Q

Renal calculi are comprised of what 3 things

A

Calcium oxalate, Uric acid and magnesium phosphate

Kidney stones do not contain cholesterol, but mainly oxalate. Cholesterol is usually found in gallbladder stones (cholelithiases)

49
Q

The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of

A

Transitional epithelium

The lining of the bladder can be distended without tearing the protective coating of the mucous layer

50
Q

What renal muscle is under voluntary control

A

External urethral sphincter

51
Q

The micturition reflex is centered in the

A

Sacral cord

52
Q

Make 3 statements that characterize the kidneys

A

The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally
The kidney is padded by a layer of fat
Inside the kidney is a hollow camber called the renal sinus

53
Q

The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to?

A

The random distribution of nephrons in this area

54
Q

The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ?

A

Afferent arterioles

Afferent arterioles branch off the interlobular arteries

55
Q

The concentration of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular filtrate and in urine differ in what way

A

Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually indentical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products

56
Q

What force favors filtration

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Glomerular blood (hydrostatic) pressure is the outward force of filtration

57
Q

Name 3 factors that affect glomerular filtration rates

A

Blood pressure
Osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate
Plasma osmotic pressure

58
Q

The outermost structure of a kidney is the

A

Capsule

The kidney is surrounded by a capsule of dense irregular CT

59
Q

What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder

A

Peristalsis

Peristalsis of the ureter moves urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. Internal surface tension prevents gravity from playing a role

60
Q

What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in a female

A

Length of the urethra

The relatively short urethra makes bacterial entry into the bladder much more likely than in males

61
Q

The urinary system functions to excrete

A

Soluble nitrogenous wastes

62
Q

The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the

A

Bowman’s capsule

The enlarged end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus is called the bowman’s capsule

63
Q

In which area can the term urine be correctly used

A

Minor calyx

Once filtrate exits the collecting duct it can no longer be processed, and thus is urine

64
Q

The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow independent of general controls for circulation of organs such a s the pancreas
T or F

A

True

the kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle have a high demand for oxygen and have internal mechanisms for autoregulation

65
Q

The reason that most people only have trace amounts of albumin in their urine is that it is returned to the blood by reabsorption
T or F

A

False

Albumin is a protein which is not filtered through the glomerulus and therefore cannot cross its capillaries

66
Q

The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold has been exceeded
T or F

A

True

The appearance of sugar in the urine indicates that the level in the blood exceeds the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb all of it

67
Q

Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the diet or supplements

A

True

Vitamin C is reabsorbed into the blood at the proximal consulted tubule but only to a specific limit, taking large diesels of vitamin C will cause elimination of most of it in the urine

68
Q

The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia, proteinuria and generalized edema
T or F

A

True

The nephrotic syndrome is renal damage that occurs in several diseases and causes loss of protiens into the urine

69
Q

Ions such as chloride usually passively follow the movement of cations to achieve electrical balance
T or F

A

True

Cell membrane are charged and their ionic potentials must be maintained at homeostatic levels; Cl- can follow Na+ to balance the loss of a positive charge

70
Q

Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis

T or F

A

True

Osmosis is governed by the concentrations of water and solute; the greater solute concentration (hypertonic) will have the least amount of water; water moves from high water (hypotonic) to lower water (hypertonic) concentrations

71
Q

An increase of ADH production will tend to make the blood more hypertonic

T or F

A

False

The effect of ADH on water retention dilutes the blood making it more hypotonic

72
Q

Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withhold their secretion of ADH

T or F

A

False

Loss of water during sweating usually causes the secretion of ADH to help conserve water and blood tonicity

73
Q

Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect of blood concentration

T or F

A

False

ADH tends to cause blood to be hypotonic while aldosterone conserves salt and makes the blood hypertonic; both act together to maintain homeostasis

74
Q

Gout is a diseas that causes Uric acid crystals to form in joints

T of F

A

True

Gout is a metabolic disorder that causes excess Uric acid in the blood to precipitate in and around joints and other tissues

75
Q

The secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney

T or F

A

True

The kidney normally retains bicarbonate and secretes H+ to maintain pH balance by buffering mechanisms

76
Q

PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma flow through. The kidneys.

T or F

A

True

Para-aminohippuric acid is filtered at the glomerulus and secreted; PAH along with hematocrit can be used to assess total blood through the kidneys

77
Q

Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults

T or F

A

True

The kidneys are immature in children and do not have the ability to conserve water that they will have as adults; children could dehydrate from excess urination

78
Q

Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the urethra.

T or F

A

False

The ureter is the tube which connects the bladder to the pelvis of the kidney

79
Q

The membrane urethra is the portion found in males as well as females

T or F

A

True

The membranous urethra is located in the urogenital diaphragm at the floor of e pelvic cavity; there is no female analog to the prostrate

80
Q

In the female, the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and vagina

T orF

A

False

E urinary bladder is the most anterior pelvic structure in males and females

81
Q

It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male

T or F

A

False

The internal urethral sphincter contracts blocking the bladder during male sexual arousal

82
Q

The internal urethral sphincter is totally under parasympathetic, autonomic control

T or F

A

False

The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle

83
Q

Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area no longer have urination reflexes

T or F

A

False

Sacral cord controls these reflexes, and therefore they would still occur, however conscious awareness of the reflexes would be lost

84
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated with streptococcal bacteria

T or F

A

False

Acute glomerulonephritis is normally associated with streptococcal infection; chronic glomerulonephritis may be non-infectious in nature

85
Q

The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries

T or F

A

True

The glomerulus is a ball of capillaries intermixed with specialized connective and epithelial cells

86
Q

There are about 1million nephrons in each kidney

T or F

A

True

Anatomy 102 (12 decks)

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