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Anatomy 102 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

The kidneys are located in the ? Space

A

Retroperitoneal

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2
Q

The entrance into the kidney is called the ?

A

Hilum

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3
Q

Which structure is the first to collect the urine?

A

Calyx

The calyces (calyx) are the extensions of the pelvis that receive the urine that has been formed

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4
Q

Each minor calyx receives urine from the ?

A

Renal papilla

Renal papilla is the rounded surface at the apex of each pyramid

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5
Q

Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron

A

Interlobular vein.

Blood is not considered to be completely out of the nephron until it enters a vein.

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6
Q

Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?

A

Vasa recta

Vasa recta are branches of the periubular capillaries that dip into the medulla to encircle the loops

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7
Q

Which process is most affected by blood pressure?

A

Glomerular filtration

Blood pressure creates a sufficiently high hydrostatic pressure within the glomeruli to overcome the osmotic forces in the blood

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8
Q

Name 3 things found in the glomerular filtrate

A

Glucose, Uric acid and creatinine

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9
Q

What muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys

A

Creatinine

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10
Q

Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the ? Into the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

Name 3 things usually secreted by the kidneys?

A

Creatinine, H+, penicillin

Creatine is reabsorbed under renal threshold limit rules, creatinine is not reused.

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12
Q

The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is

A

Inulin

Inulin is a polysaccharide that is cleared from the blood totally by filtration at the glomerulus, creatinine is secreted.

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13
Q

What could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids

A

Ketone

Ketones are usually acidic end products of lipid catabolism and may result from dietary or disease causes

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14
Q

Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ? Into the urine

A

Albumin

Albumin is the most common blood protien and could spill into the urine if high blood pressure forced it through the glomerular capillaries which are normally not permeable to colloids

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15
Q

What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Peristalsis

The ureters have smooth muscle which causes peristaltic waves to move the urine

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16
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete ? When ?

A

Renin when blood pressure drops

Low blood pressure or low tubular osmotic pressure triggers activation of the renin-angiotensin system

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17
Q

Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ? Where microvilli and their numerous carrier protiens increase the surface area available for reabsorption

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

70% or more of all reabsorption occurs in the initial segment of the renal tubule

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18
Q

Why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?

A

Inulin is neither reabsorbed nor actively secreted into the filtrate

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19
Q

In males as well as females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscles and thus is under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?

A

Within the urogenital diaphragm

The external urethral sphincter is part of the pelvis

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20
Q

What structure is last in the sequence of urine flow

A

Medulla

The medulla is the middle layer of the kidneys that contain the pyramids and columns

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21
Q

The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by

A

Microtubules

The kidney contains millions of micro tubules that run parallel to each other within the pyramids

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22
Q

The kidney secretes ? For the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

Name 3 functions of the renal system

A

Maintain blood pH
Regulate blood pressure
Control blood concentration

The kidneys filter the blood and control its concentration of electrolytes, pH, water, wastes and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys

A

25%

From 15-35% of the total blood of the cardiac output filters through the kidneys

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25
What blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex
Interlobular artery The interlobular arteries enter the cortex from the interlobar arteries and give off branches that surround the renal corpuscles
26
The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and ?
Bowman's capsule The glomerulus and glomerular capsule are considered a functional unit called the renal corpuscle
27
What section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
28
The last part of the nephron is the
Collecting duct The collecting ducts receive the distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons
29
What area actually secretes renin into the blood
Juxtaglomerular cells The juxtaglomerular cells are within the affferent arteriole
30
What has the highest concentration in the urine
Sodium
31
What ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium
Potassium Because of the sodium-potassium membrane pump, potassium always moves in the opposite direction to sodium
32
What is the average glomerular filtration rate
180L per day The kidneys can filter up to 125 ml per minute or 180L per day
33
What is usually not found in urine
Glucose
34
How much urine is formed in 24 hours
1.5 L On average, persons produce between .6 and 2.5 liters of urine daily
35
Renin acts on ? To convert it to angiotensin I
Angiotensinogen
36
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and
Adrenal cortex Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
37
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the
Periubular capillaries
38
Most tubule reabsorption occurs at the
Proximal convoluted tubule The microvilli form a brush border on the epithelial cells in the proximal tubule that effectively increase its surface area for permeability
39
Name 3 things that operate under a renal threshold mechanism
Creatine, ascorbic acid and citric acid
40
The action of aldosterone is to increase
Sodium reabsorption Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorbed and conserve sodium blood levels
41
How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment if the nephron
70% About 70% of the sodium that will be reabsorbed will occur at e proximal tubule
42
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the
Loop of Henle
43
The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is ? Relative to the capillaries
Hypertonic The fluid in the descending limb is hypertonic while the ascending limb is hypotonic
44
The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to
Increase the concentration of NaCl The purpose of e loop of Henle is to produce a NaCl concentration beyond what could be expected under normal physiologic rules of transport
45
What affect does ADH have on urine output
Decreases Anti diuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary and hypothalamus causes the kidney to reabsorb water and reduce diuresis
46
Where does ADH have its greatest effect
Distal convoluted tubule ADH causes the distal convoluted tubule and the surrounding capillaries to increase their permeability to water so that it can be facultatively reabsorbed (on demand)
47
Eating large amounts of meat will increase the level of ? In the blood
Urea Proteins are catabolized into urea
48
Renal calculi are comprised of what 3 things
Calcium oxalate, Uric acid and magnesium phosphate Kidney stones do not contain cholesterol, but mainly oxalate. Cholesterol is usually found in gallbladder stones (cholelithiases)
49
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of
Transitional epithelium The lining of the bladder can be distended without tearing the protective coating of the mucous layer
50
What renal muscle is under voluntary control
External urethral sphincter
51
The micturition reflex is centered in the
Sacral cord
52
Make 3 statements that characterize the kidneys
The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally The kidney is padded by a layer of fat Inside the kidney is a hollow camber called the renal sinus
53
The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to?
The random distribution of nephrons in this area
54
The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ?
Afferent arterioles Afferent arterioles branch off the interlobular arteries
55
The concentration of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular filtrate and in urine differ in what way
Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually indentical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products
56
What force favors filtration
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Glomerular blood (hydrostatic) pressure is the outward force of filtration
57
Name 3 factors that affect glomerular filtration rates
Blood pressure Osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate Plasma osmotic pressure
58
The outermost structure of a kidney is the
Capsule The kidney is surrounded by a capsule of dense irregular CT
59
What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder
Peristalsis Peristalsis of the ureter moves urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. Internal surface tension prevents gravity from playing a role
60
What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in a female
Length of the urethra The relatively short urethra makes bacterial entry into the bladder much more likely than in males
61
The urinary system functions to excrete
Soluble nitrogenous wastes
62
The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the
Bowman's capsule The enlarged end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus is called the bowman's capsule
63
In which area can the term urine be correctly used
Minor calyx Once filtrate exits the collecting duct it can no longer be processed, and thus is urine
64
The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow independent of general controls for circulation of organs such a s the pancreas T or F
True the kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle have a high demand for oxygen and have internal mechanisms for autoregulation
65
The reason that most people only have trace amounts of albumin in their urine is that it is returned to the blood by reabsorption T or F
False Albumin is a protein which is not filtered through the glomerulus and therefore cannot cross its capillaries
66
The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold has been exceeded T or F
True The appearance of sugar in the urine indicates that the level in the blood exceeds the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb all of it
67
Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the diet or supplements
True Vitamin C is reabsorbed into the blood at the proximal consulted tubule but only to a specific limit, taking large diesels of vitamin C will cause elimination of most of it in the urine
68
The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia, proteinuria and generalized edema T or F
True The nephrotic syndrome is renal damage that occurs in several diseases and causes loss of protiens into the urine
69
Ions such as chloride usually passively follow the movement of cations to achieve electrical balance T or F
True Cell membrane are charged and their ionic potentials must be maintained at homeostatic levels; Cl- can follow Na+ to balance the loss of a positive charge
70
Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis T or F
True Osmosis is governed by the concentrations of water and solute; the greater solute concentration (hypertonic) will have the least amount of water; water moves from high water (hypotonic) to lower water (hypertonic) concentrations
71
An increase of ADH production will tend to make the blood more hypertonic T or F
False The effect of ADH on water retention dilutes the blood making it more hypotonic
72
Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withhold their secretion of ADH T or F
False Loss of water during sweating usually causes the secretion of ADH to help conserve water and blood tonicity
73
Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect of blood concentration T or F
False ADH tends to cause blood to be hypotonic while aldosterone conserves salt and makes the blood hypertonic; both act together to maintain homeostasis
74
Gout is a diseas that causes Uric acid crystals to form in joints T of F
True Gout is a metabolic disorder that causes excess Uric acid in the blood to precipitate in and around joints and other tissues
75
The secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney T or F
True The kidney normally retains bicarbonate and secretes H+ to maintain pH balance by buffering mechanisms
76
PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma flow through. The kidneys. T or F
True Para-aminohippuric acid is filtered at the glomerulus and secreted; PAH along with hematocrit can be used to assess total blood through the kidneys
77
Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults T or F
True The kidneys are immature in children and do not have the ability to conserve water that they will have as adults; children could dehydrate from excess urination
78
Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the urethra. T or F
False The ureter is the tube which connects the bladder to the pelvis of the kidney
79
The membrane urethra is the portion found in males as well as females T or F
True The membranous urethra is located in the urogenital diaphragm at the floor of e pelvic cavity; there is no female analog to the prostrate
80
In the female, the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and vagina T orF
False E urinary bladder is the most anterior pelvic structure in males and females
81
It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male T or F
False The internal urethral sphincter contracts blocking the bladder during male sexual arousal
82
The internal urethral sphincter is totally under parasympathetic, autonomic control T or F
False The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle
83
Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area no longer have urination reflexes T or F
False Sacral cord controls these reflexes, and therefore they would still occur, however conscious awareness of the reflexes would be lost
84
Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated with streptococcal bacteria T or F
False Acute glomerulonephritis is normally associated with streptococcal infection; chronic glomerulonephritis may be non-infectious in nature
85
The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries T or F
True The glomerulus is a ball of capillaries intermixed with specialized connective and epithelial cells
86
There are about 1million nephrons in each kidney T or F
True

Anatomy 102 (12 decks)

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