Chapter 26 Flashcards
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0
Q
This is secreted from the stomach when empty to produce the sensation of hunger?
A
Ghrelin
1
Q
What are the three short-term regulators of appetite?
A
Ghrelin
Peptide YY
Cholecystokinin
2
Q
Secreted from the ileum and colon too signal satiety and terminate eating?
A
Peptide YY
3
Q
Secreted from the duodenum and Jejunum to produce an appetite suppressant effect?
A
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
4
Q
These activate mechanisms for adding or reducing fat?
A
Long term regulators of appetite
5
Q
Secreted from adipocytes in proportion to one’s fat stores and informs the brain how much body fat we have?
A
Leptin
6
Q
Secreted from the pancreas and informs the brain of the body’s fat stores?
A
Insulin
7
Q
Where do the hormones have receptors to regulate appetite?
A
The hypothalamus
8
Q
Hunger is also stimulated by?
A
Gastric peristalsis
9
Q
When do hunger contractions begin?
A
Soon after the stomach is emptied
10
Q
What is considered obesity?
A
Greater than 20% of the recommended Norm
11
Q
In the USA what percentage of adults are obese? What percentage of adults are overweight?
A
30% are obese
35% are overweight
12
Q
What is obesity determined by?
A
It is determined by our BMI (kg/m2)
13
Q
Excessive weight increases risk of what diseases?
A
Athersclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, joint pain, kidney stones, and cancers
14
Q
Consumption of excess calories in childhood causes ______________ to increase in size and number?
A
Adipocytes
15
Q
In adults Adipocytes do not multiply but what happens to the cell?
A
The cell size changes
16
Q
A measure of the capacity to do biological work?
A
Calorie
17
Q
The amount of heat that will raise 1 g of water 1°C?
A
1 calorie
18
Q
One kilocalorie or Calorie equals how many calories?
A
1000 calories
19
Q
Carbohydrates and proteins yield how many kilocalories per gram? Fats yield how many kilocalories per gram?
A
4 kcal/g
9 kcal/g
20
Q
Any ingested chemical use for growth, repair, or maintenance?
A
Nutrients
21
Q
Ingested chemicals Consumed in large quantities
A
Macronutrients
22
Q
Ingested chemicals where only small quantities are required?
A
Micronutrients
23
Q
These chemicals must be included in the diet?
A
Essential nutrients
24
What does PDV mean?
Percent daily value
25
Carbohydrates (CHO) - percent daily value (PDV) = what percent of calories?
40 to 50% of calories
26
Some sugars are components of other molecules, most carbohydrates serve as?
Fuel
27
__________ and __________ Depend on carbohydrates for energy Needs?
Neurons and red blood cells
28
Excess carbohydrates are converted to what?
Fats
29
Polysaccharides are what kind of carbohydrates?
Complex
30
What are three types of polysaccharides?
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose
31
What are three examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose (sugarcane, beets), lactose (milk), maltose (grain)
32
Name three types of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, fructose
33
All carbohydrate digestion ultimately generates_____________?
Glucose
34
Sources of carbohydrates?
Plants mostly and should be mostly complex carbohydrates
35
What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of fiber?
30 g/day
36
Fiber is plant material that resists?
Digestion like cellulose and pectin
37
Water insoluble fiber in the intestines does what?
Absorbs water
Swells
Softens feces
Thus speeding up the passage of feces
38
Water soluble fiber reduces?
Blood cholesterol and LDL
39
Lipid percent Daily value equals?
Less than 30% of calories with saturated fat less than 10%, cholesterol less than 300 mg a day
40
Function is to Compact stored energy and insulation
Lipids
41
Necessary for absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K?
Lipids
42
Phospholipids and cholesterol are in ________ _________, Myelin, etc.
Plasma membranes
43
These type of lipids must be obtained from the diet?
Essential fatty acids
44
Excess lipids is a risk factor for what diseases?
Diabetes, CVD, breast and colon cancers
45
When the carbon chains have as many hydrogen as possible this is called?
Saturated fat
46
Predominately from animals, coconut, and palm oil
| Raises serum cholesterol all levels
Saturated fat
47
Unsaturated fats that have been saturated?
Hydrogenated oils
48
Carbon chains that have fewer hydrogen?
Unsaturated fats
49
Found predominantly in nuts, seeds, vegetable oil?
Unsaturated fat
50
Found in animal products, not plants?
Cholesterol
51
Droplets with the core of cholesterol and triglycerides and a protein and phospholipid coating?
Lipoprotein
52
Transport lipids from small intestines to adipocytes?
Chylomicrons
53
Transport lipids from the liver to the adipose tissue
VLDLs
54
Once emptied of lipids VLDLs become _________ Containing cholesterol?
LDLs
55
Transport cholesterol to cells including endothelium?
LDL's
56
Empty protein shells from the liver that pick up cholesterol from other cells and transported to the liver?
HDLs
57
Proteins - PDV = ?
20% of calories
58
Multiply weight in pounds by ______ For RDA of proteins In grams?
0.37
59
Proteins help with?
Muscle contraction, motility, cell membrane, structural components, enzymes, Ab, hormones, Hb, blood viscosity, and osmolarity, etc.
60
Excessive intake overloads the ________ And can cause _________ __________?
Kidneys
| Renal damage
61
Eight of 20 amino acids must come from food, These are called?
Essential amino acids
62
Do all the necessary amino acids need to be present to make a protein?
Yes
63
Provide all of the essential amino acid (animal)?
complete proteins
64
Lack one or more essential amino acid (plant)?
Incomplete proteins
65
Chief dietary source of nitrogen?
Proteins
66
Inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water?
Minerals
67
Essential micronutrients that constitute 4% of the body mass?
Minerals
68
Mg, Cl, P, S, Na, Ca, K
.
69
What are organic compounds necessary for metabolism called?
Vitamins
70
Most of these must be obtained from the diet, some are synthesized from precursors, and some are produced by colon bacteria?
Vitamins
71
What water-soluble vitamins are absorbed with water?
Vitamin C and vitamin Bs
72
This vitamin promotes hemoglobin, collagen and CT synthesis?
Vitamin C
73
These vitamins are coenzymes that transfer electrons?
Vitamin Bs
74
Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with what?
Dietary lipids
75
This vitamin contributes to a component of visual pigments?
Vitamin A
76
This vitamin promotes Ca+2 absorption and bone mineral station?
Vitamin D
77
This vitamin Is responsible for prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting?
Vitamin K
78
This is an antioxidant
Vitamin E
79
Which vitamins are antioxidants that scavenge free radicals?
Vitamins A, E, and C
80
Synthesis of glycerol and fatty acids from sugars and amino acids is called?
Lipogenesis
81
What is hydrolysis of fat for fuel called?
Lypolysis
82
What is the process of lipolysis?
- Glycerol is converted to PGAL and enters glycolysis
- Fatty acids are catabolized to acetyl groups and enter the CAC
- One Fatty acid of 16 carbons = 129 molecules of ATP
- Excess acetyl groups are converted to Ketone bodies
83
What is the first step in using amino acids as fuel?
Deamination
84
Removal of an amino acid group (-NH2) Is called?
Deamination
85
After deamination the remainder of the amino acid may be converted to _______ __________, __________ ________ Or a CAC molecule?
Pyruvic acid
| Acetyl group
86
The -NH2 Becomes ___________ Which the liver converts to __________?
Ammonia
| Urea
87
What three things fall under the metabolic states and metabolic rates?
Absorptive state
Postabsorptive state
Metabolic rate
88
What state are you in four hours during and after a meal?
Absorptive state
89
What happens to the nutrients during the Absorptive state?
They being absorbed and used to meet energy and other needs. The insulin hormone helps.
90
What is used in ATP synthesis, excess of this is converted to glycogen or fat?
Blood glucose
91
Hepatocytes , adipocytes, and muscles use this for energy, excess is stored in adipocytes?
Fats
92
This is Available for protein, ATP, or fatty acid synthesis?
Amino acids
93
The absorptive state is regulated by?
Insulin
94
What is secreted in response to elevated glucose and amino acids levels?
Insulin
95
This is the time in the late morning, late afternoon, and overnight?
Postabsorptive state
96
In the postabsorptive state, the Stomach and________ _________ Are empty and the body's energy needs are met by ________ _________?
Small intestine
| Stored fuel
97
This is drawn from glycogen reserves or made from Fat or amino acids?
Glucose
98
In these Adipocytes and hepatocytes convert glycerol to glucose and fatty acids are used as a source of energy?
Fats
99
If glycogen and fat reserves are depleted what is used for fuel?
Proteins
100
Postabsorptive state Is regulated by __________, Which promotes ____________, ________________, and____________
Glucagon
| Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis
101
The amount of energy liberated in the body per-unit time?
Metabolic rate
102
The baseline rate is called?
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
103
The basal metabolic rate plus energy expended for voluntary activities is called?
The total metabolic rate
104
As one reduces food intake, the body reduces it's ____________ ____________ To Conserve ________ _________?
Metabolic rate
| Body mass
105
The temperature of organs in the cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities is called the ___________ ___________?
Core temperature
106
The core temperature of the body is?
37.2 to 37.6°C
107
What is the shell temperature?
The temperature closer to the surface, which is 36.6 to 37.0°C
108
What is excessively low body temperature called?
Hypothermia
109
What is excessively high body temperature called?
Hyperthermia
110
What does body heat come from?
Reactions such as nutrient oxidation and ATP use
111
At rest most heat is generated by what?
The brain, heart, liver, and endocrine glands
112
Transfer of heat between objects not in contact is called?
Radiation
113
Transfer of heat between objects in contact is called?
Conduction
114
Loss of heat as hot air rises and cool air replaces it is called?
Convection
115
Loss of heat from the surface of the liquid which has absorbed heat to convert some of its molecules to gas is called?
Evaporation
116
What does the hypothalamus thermostat do?
It monitors the temperature of the blood and receive signals from the peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin
117
The hypothalamic thermostat sends signals to the ________-________ center or the ________-___________center.
Heat loss center
| Heat promoting center
118
This center senses when blood temperature is too high and promotes cutaneous vasodilation and sweating?
Heat Loss center
119
This center senses when the blood temperature is too low and promotes cutaneous vasoconstriction, goosebumps and shivering?
Heat promoting center
120
What are three types of disturbances of thermoregulation?
Heat cramp
Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke
121
Muscle spasms from excess electrolyte loss in sweat?
Heat cramp
122
Severe water and electrolyte loss?
Heat exhaustion
123
Core body temperature is over 40°C, body gains heat but cannot cool?
Heat stroke
