Chapter 10

Question 0

Movement

Answer 0

Muscles enable us to move the body and body contents.

Question 1

What are five functions of muscles?

Answer 1

Movement
Stability
Control body openings and passages
Heat production
Glycemic control

Question 2

Stability

Answer 2

Muscles maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements.

Question 3

Another function of muscles

Answer 3

Control body openings and passages

Question 4

Heat production

Answer 4

Muscles produce 85% of the body heat

Question 5

Glycemic control

Answer 5

Muscles absorb, store and use a large share of the glucose and play a role in stabilizing blood glucose concentrations.

Question 6

What are four connective tissues and fascicles of the muscular system?

Answer 6

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Fascia

Question 7

Endomysium

Answer 7

A thin sheath of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle.

Question 8

Perimysium

Answer 8

Connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle cells together in bundles (fascicles) and contains larger nerves, blood vessels and stretch receptors.

Question 9

Epimysium

Answer 9

Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle.

Question 10

Fascia

Answer 10

A sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles.

Question 11

Fascicles and muscle shapes

Answer 11

The strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of it’s fascicles.

Question 12

Five classifications of muscles according to fascicle orientation

Answer 12

Fusiform muscles
Parallel muscles
Triangular (convergent) muscles
Pennate muscles
Circular muscles (sphincters)

Question 13

Fusiform muscles

Answer 13

Thick in the middle and tapered at each end.

Question 14

Parallel muscles

Answer 14

Uniform width and parallel fascicles

Question 15

Triangular (convergent) muscles

Answer 15

Fan shaped with one end broad and one end narrow

Question 16

Pennate muscles

Answer 16

Feathers shaped in which the fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle

Question 17

Circular muscles (sphincters)

Answer 17

Rings around body openings

Question 18

Four types of muscle attachments

Answer 18

Indirect attachment
Direct attachment
Origin
Insertion

Question 19

Indirect attachment

Answer 19

1. The muscle ends short of the bone and the gap is bridged by a tendon.
2. Collagen fibers of the muscle continue into the tendon and into the periosteum.

Question 20

Direct attachment

Answer 20

There is little separation between muscle and bone.

Question 21

Origin

Answer 21

Attachment site to the bone at the stationary end.

Question 22

Insertion

Answer 22

Attachment site at its mobile end.

Question 23

Four functional groups of muscles

Answer 23

Prime mover (agonist)
Synergist
Antagonist
Fixator

Question 24

Prime mover (agonist)

Answer 24

A muscle that produces most of the force during a joint action.

Question 25

Synergist

Answer 25

A muscle that aids the prime mover by stabilizing a joint or modifying the direction of the movement.

Question 26

Antagonist

Answer 26

A muscle that opposes the prime mover and limits the speed or range of the prime mover. -- Antagonist pairs are needed because a single muscle cannot flex and extend the joint.

Question 27

Fixator

Answer 27

A muscle that prevents a bone from moving

Question 28

Intrinsic muscle

Answer 28

Muscle with origin and insertion in a particular region.

Question 29

Extrinsic muscle

Answer 29

Muscle with the origin in one region and the action and insertion elsewhere.

Question 30

Two types of muscle innervation

Answer 30

Spinal nerves | Cranial nerves

Question 31

Spinal nerves

Answer 31

From the spinal cord and innervate muscles below the neck.

Question 32

Cranial nerves

Answer 32

Arise from the base of the brain and innervate muscles of the head and neck.

Question 33

Seven ways that muscles are named

Answer 33

``` By the adjacent bone By the action of the muscle By the shape of the muscle By the number of heads By the location of the muscle By the size of the muscle By the origin or insertion of the muscle ```

Question 34

Muscles of respiration

Answer 34

Diaphragm External intercostals Internal intercostals

Question 35

Injection sites

Answer 35

Deltoid | Gluteus medius

Question 36

Rotator cuff – tendons of

Answer 36

Supraspinatous Infraspinatous Teres minor Subscapularis

Question 37

Quadriceps

Answer 37

Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius

Question 38

Hamstrings

Answer 38

Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranous

Question 39

Calf muscles

Answer 39

Gastrocnemius | Soleus

Question 40

Compartment syndrome

Answer 40

Inelastic fascia prevents the compartment From expanding with fluid accumulation, obstructing bloodflow by pressure on the arteries.

Question 41

Hernias

Answer 41

Viscera protrudes through weak point in the muscle wall.

Question 42

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 42

Tingling and muscle weakness in the palm and hand when swelling in carpal tunnel puts pressure on the nerve.

Question 43

Baseball finger

Answer 43

A tear in the extension tendons of the fingers from the impact of a baseball with the extended finger.

Question 44

Blockers arm

Answer 44

Calcification in the lateral margin of the forearm from repeated impact with opposing players.

Question 45

Charley horse

Answer 45

A tear, stiffness and blood clotting in a muscle.

Question 46

Pitcher's arm

Answer 46

Inflammation at the origin of the flexor carpi muscles from hard wrist flexion.

Question 47

Pulled groin

Answer 47

Strain in the adductor muscle of the thigh.

Question 48

Pulled hamstrings

Answer 48

Strained muscles or a tear in the tendinous origins.

Question 49

Rider's bones

Answer 49

Calcification in the tendons of the adductors muscles of the medial thigh.

Question 50

Rotator cuff injury

Answer 50

A tear in the tendon of the rotator cuff muscles.

Question 51

Shin splints

Answer 51

Injury with pain in the crural region.

Question 52

Tennis elbow

Answer 52

Inflammation at the origin of the extensor Carpi muscles on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Question 53

Tennis leg

Answer 53

A partial tear in the lateral origin of the Gastrocnemius muscle.