Chapter 21

Question 0

During this each day 2 to 4 L of fluid are filtered from blood capillaries and are not reabsorbed
Also the lymphatic system reabsorb’s and returns the fluid to the body which function is this?

Answer 0

Fluid recovery

Question 1

What are three functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Fluid recovery
Immunity
Lipid absorption

Question 2

On its way back to the bloodstream, the fluid passes through lymph nodes, where immune cells monitor for foreign matter, this is called?

Answer 2

Immunity

Question 3

In the small intestine, lacteals absorb dietary lipids, This is called?

Answer 3

Lipid absorption

Question 4

Clear, colorless fluid, similar to blood plasma but low in protein is called?

Answer 4

Lymph

Question 5

Similar to veins, has 3 tunics, valves, uses skeletal muscle pump, etc.
Has rhythmic contractions that move lymph

Answer 5

Lymphatic vessels

Question 6

These collect tissue fluid
They penetrate nearly every tissue of the body
They closely associate with blood capillaries
They are closed at one end
Endothelial cells loosely overlap each other so that the gaps between cells are large enough to allow bacteria and cells to enter

Answer 6

Lymphatic capillaries

Question 7

The convergence of lymph capillaries

They empty into lymph nodes and transport lymph from lymph nodes

Answer 7

Collecting vessels

Question 8

Convergence of lymphatic collecting vessels
Trunks that drain major portions of the body jugular (head), subclavian (upper limbs arms), bronchomediastinal (chest), intercostal (ribs), intestinal (abdominal area), and lumbar trunks (lower limbs)

Answer 8

Lymphatic trunks

Question 9

Convergence of lymphatic trunks

Right lymphatic duct – drains right arm, right side of thorax, neck and head and empties into right subclavian vein

Thoracic duct – drains all of the body below the diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck and thorax and empties into left subclavian vein

Cisterns chyli- Prominent sac the lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk join

Answer 9

Collecting ducts

Question 10

Lymphatic cells

Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy transplanted tissue, virus-infected cells, cancer cells and bacteria they work on intracellular issues they are called?

Answer 10

Natural killer (NK) cells

Question 11

These cells rid the body of intracellular viruses, bacteria, yeast, protozoans, and parasitic worms. They also destroy Cancer cells, and transplanted tissue. They only work on specific cells, they are also intracellular. What Type of lymphatic cells Are these?

Answer 11

T lymphocytes or T cells

Question 12

Lymphatic cells that differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies (Ab) to flag extracellular pathogens are called?

Answer 12

B lymphocytes (B) cells

Question 13

Lymphatic cells that phagocytize debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria and foreign matter

They also process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments, they’re called?

Answer 13

Macrophages

Question 14

Lymphatic cells that are antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs.

They also alert the immune system when pathogens have crossed the body surface, what are they?

Answer 14

Dendritic cells

Question 15

Cells in the lymph organs that act as APCs in the thymus and contribute to the framework of the lymph organs, what are they?

Answer 15

Reticular cells

Question 16

What are aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissue called?

Answer 16

Lymphatic tissue

Question 17

There are two types of lymphatic tissues what are they?

Answer 17

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic nodules (follicles)

Question 18

Lymphocytes are scattered

Prevalent in body passages that are open to the exterior

Also called mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

Answer 18

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Question 19

Lymphocytes and Macrophages congregated in dense masses

Some nodules come and go as pathogens invade tissues

Some are in lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and peyer patches

Answer 19

Lymphatic nodules (follicles)

Question 20

These have well defined anatomical sites

They have red bone marrow which is an important supplier of lymphocytes to the immune system what are they?

Answer 20

Lymphatic organs

Question 21

This house is developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones that regulate their development

This is located between the Stern and an aortic arch

It degenerates with age

Answer 21

Thymus

Question 22

These clean the lymphs and act as sites of T and B cell activation

When fighting a pathogen, the cortex contains germinal centers where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells

Lymph Enters the node through afferent vessels, percolates between the medullary cords and exits the node by way of an efferent vessel

Answer 22

Lymph nodes

Question 23

Cervical nodes, axillary nodes, thoracic nodes, abdominal nodes, intestinal and mesenteric nodes are called what?

Answer 23

Concentrated nodes

Question 24

Lymph node is swollen and painful

Answer 24

Lymphadenitis

Question 25

Cancer of the lymph node from metastasis

Answer 25

Lymphoma

Question 26

Lymph node malignancy with enlarged nodes especially in the neck, starts in cervical nodes is called?

Answer 26

Hodgkin's disease

Question 27

When the lymph node malignancy can start in any of the nodes this is called?

Answer 27

Non-Hodgkin's disease

Question 28

Patches of lymph tissue located at the entrance of the pharynx? They also guard against ingested and inhale pathogens?

Answer 28

Tonsils

Question 29

There are three main sets of tonsils what are they?

Answer 29

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils

Question 30

These tonsils are in the Back of the throat behind the nasal cavity?

Answer 30

Pharyngeal tonsils

Question 31

These tonsils are located in the posterior margin of the oral cavity?

Answer 31

Palatine tonsils

Question 32

These are located on each side of the root of the tongue?

Answer 32

Lingual tonsil's

Question 33

Acute inflammation of the palatine tonsil

Answer 33

Tonsillitis

Question 34

Monitors blood for foreign antigens and disposes of old red blood cells? Left side is inferior to the diaphragm?

Answer 34

The spleen

Question 35

Lymphocytes and macrophages aggregate along branches of the splenic artery?

Answer 35

White pulp

Question 36

Sinuses gorged with red blood cells?

Answer 36

Red pulp

Question 37

First line of defense for the immune system?

Answer 37

External barriers

Question 38

The surface cells contain mainly keratin? To dry and pour in nutrients to support such microbial growth? Coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as defensin (Creates a hole in the bacteria) and an lactic acid (prevents growth of bacteria)?

Answer 38

Skin which is considered the (wall barrier)

Question 39

Protects tracts open to the exterior? Mucus ensnares microbes? Mucus, tears, and saliva contains lysozyme ( it lyses or breaks apart bacteria)?

Answer 39

Mucous membranes

Question 40

Second line of defense?

Answer 40

Leukocytes

Question 41

First responders to tissue being attacked (police)

Answer 41

neutrophils

Question 42

They wander around in connective tissue killing bacteria, they eat the troublemakers? They phagocytize bacteria produce highly toxic chemicals which will kill both the bacteria and neutrophils and connective tissue, sacrifice for good body also use chemical warfare?

Answer 42

Neutrophils

Question 43

These are kind of like the pest control?

Answer 43

Eosinophils

Question 44

They kill parasites (worms) with toxic chemicals? They stimulate basophil's and mast cells to release their chemicals? They phagocytize and degrade Ag-Ab complexes? They secrete enzymes that degrade and limit the action of histamine?

Answer 44

eosinophils

Question 45

These secrete histamine, heparin and leukotrienes?

Answer 45

Basophil's / mast cells

Question 46

These release perforins which create a hole in the plasma membrane and they release enzymes which enter the hole.

Answer 46

Natural killer cell's

Question 47

These are looking for something to eat? Some are wondering cells actively seek pathogen? Some are fixed like microglia in the brain, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and hepatic macrophages in the liver?

Answer 47

Monocytes (macrophages)

Question 48

Also a second line of defense?

Answer 48

Anti-microbial proteins

Question 49

Secreted from leukocytes infected with viruses? Alert neighboring cells and protect him from becoming infected? Activate Natural killer cells and Macrophages which destroy infected cells?

Answer 49

Interferons

Question 50

30 or more globulins (complement proteins) synthesized in the liver?

Answer 50

Complement system

Question 51

Complement protein stimulates mast cells and basophils to secrete histamine and other inflammatory chemicals?

Answer 51

Inflammation

Question 52

Complement protein binds Ag-Ab Complexes to red blood cells which are stripped off in liver and spleen by Macrophages?

Answer 52

Immune clearance

Question 53

Complement proteins assist phagocytes by serving as binding sites on microbes for phagocyte attachment?

Answer 53

Phagocytosis

Question 54

Complement proteins form a hole in the target cell?

Answer 54

Cytolysis

Question 55

Another second line of defense?

Answer 55

Fever

Question 56

Abnormal elevation of body temperature?

Answer 56

Fever

Question 57

Promotes interferon activity, elevates the metabolic rate and accelerates tissue repair, and inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses?

Answer 57

Benefits of the fever

Question 58

As neutrophils and macrophages attack pathogens they secrete pyrogens which stimulate the hypothalamus to raise the set point for body temperature? When the infection is defeated pyrogen secretion ceases and the temperature is set back to normal?

Answer 58

Fever

Question 59

Another second line of defense?

Answer 59

Inflammation

Question 60

A local defense response to tissue injury of any kind ?

Answer 60

Inflammation

Question 61

Limit the spread of pathogens and ultimately destroy then, remove degree of damage tissue, initiate tissue repair?

Answer 61

Purposes of inflammation

Question 62

Redness, swelling, heat, pain?

Answer 62

Signs of inflammation

Question 63

A. Mobilization of defenses Damage cells and mast cells secrete histamines causing vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to bring in white blood cells and plasma proteins. Vasodilation causes redness and heat Increased capillary permeability causes swelling and pain B. Containment and distraction of pathogens – Fibrogen forms clots that wall off microbes. C. Tissue cleanup and repair Macrophages cleanup Platelet and endothelial cells secrete growth factors

Answer 63

Process of inflammation

Question 64

Third line of defense?

Answer 64

Specific immunity

Question 65

Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

Answer 65

Specificity

Question 66

When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness?

Answer 66

Memory

Question 67

There are four classes of immunity, what are they?

Answer 67

Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity

Question 68

Production of one's own Abs or T cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen?

Answer 68

Natural active immunity

Question 69

Production of one's own Abs or T cells as a result of vaccination against diseases?

Answer 69

Artificial active immunity

Question 70

Temporary immunity that results from acquiring Abs produced by another person?

Answer 70

Natural passive immunity

Question 71

Temporary immunity that results from the injection of an immune serum from another person or from animals?

Answer 71

Artificial passive immunity

Question 72

Any molecule that triggers an immune response?

Answer 72

Antigen (Ags)

Question 73

Certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses?

Answer 73

Epitopes

Question 74

Molecules too small to be antigenic unless bound to host macromolecules?

Answer 74

Haptens

Question 75

Mature in the thymus and colonize lymph tissue and organs?

Answer 75

T cells

Question 76

Mature in bone marrow and disperse throughout the body?

Answer 76

B cells

Question 77

B cells, macrophages, reticular cells, dendritic cells that injest Ags and display a fragment in their MHC II protein?

Answer 77

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Question 78

These proteins act as identification tags that label every cell of your body as belonging to you?

Answer 78

Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I)

Question 79

Occur on Antigen presenting cells or APCs and display injested foreign antigens?

Answer 79

MHC-II

Question 80

What cells directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells?

Answer 80

T cells

Question 81

What is a means of ridding the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells?

Answer 81

Cellular immunity

Question 82

Attack diseased or foreign cells?

Answer 82

Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells

Question 83

Promote the action of Tc cells and B cells

Answer 83

Helper T (TH) cells

Question 84

Responsible for memory?

Answer 84

Memory T (TM) cells

Question 85

Prevent autoimmune diseases?

Answer 85

Regulatory (TR) cells

Question 86

There are three stages of immunity what are they?

Answer 86

Recognition Attack Memory

Question 87

1. diseased or foreign cells display abnormal antigens in MHC-I 2. Antigen presentation, APC ingests diseased cell, displays a fragment and it's MHC –II and migrates to nearest lymph node. 3. T-cell activation TH cell binds to MHC of APC, is activated and releases IL TC Cell binds to MHC of APC is activated by IL from TH

Answer 87

The recognition stage of immunity

Question 88

When activated cells divide and give rise to clones During the recognition stage of immunity this is called?

Answer 88

Clonal selection

Question 89

When clones become TC, TH, or TM cells during the recognition stage of immunity this is called?

Answer 89

Differentiation

Question 90

TC cell binds to a cell with an abnormal antigen in MHC-I And releases perforins, granzymes and interferons and tumor necrosis factor then moves on to another cell?

Answer 90

The attack stage of immunity

Question 91

TM cells are long-lived, require fewer steps to be activated and upon re-exposure will mount a quick attack, This stage of immunity is called?

Answer 91

Memory