chapter 17 Flashcards
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0
Q
Which system communicates by hormones?
A
Endocrine system
1
Q
Which system communicates by electrical impulses and transmitters?
A
Nervous system
2
Q
Which system releases hormones into the bloodstream and can go all over the body?
A
Endocrine system
3
Q
Which system releases neurotransmitters at target cells?
A
.
4
Q
Which system reacts quickly within 1 to 10 ms?
A
The nervous system
5
Q
Which system has local specific effects?
A
Nervous system
6
Q
Which system has general widespread effects
A
Endocrine system
7
Q
Which system reacts more slowly could take seconds to days because of so many places to go?
A
Endocrine system
8
Q
Which system stops quickly when the stimulus stops?
A
Nervous system
9
Q
Which system continues responding longer even after the stimulus stops it start slowly stop slowly?
A
Endocrine system
10
Q
what is a chemical messenger it stimulates the physiology of cells in another tissue or organ?
A
Hormone
11
Q
What makes a tissue or organ change what they’re doing?
A
A hormone
12
Q
What are the three classes of hormones?
A
Steroid hormones
peptide hormones
monoamine’s
13
Q
Which type of hormone is derived from the cholesterol molecule?
A
Steroid hormones
14
Q
What hormone is hydrophobic which means it won’t dissolve in water so it must bind to transport proteins in plasma?
A
Steroid hormone
15
Q
Which hormones are large and are called proteins and have chains of 3-200+ amino acids?
A
Peptide hormones
16
Q
Which hormone is hydrophilic which means it likes water so it can mix with blood plasma and travel in blood?
A
Peptide hormone
17
Q
What means one amino acid?
A
Monoamine
18
Q
This hormone is also hydrophilic and is made from amino acids tryptophan or tyrosine. Most are the same as peptide hormones.
A
Monamine
19
Q
A thyroid hormone is what type of hormone?
A
monoamine
20
Q
What is the mode of action of a hormone?
A
Alteration of cell activity.
Hormones only stimulate cells that have receptors for them.
21
Q
What do receptors do?
A
They act like switches to turn certain metabolic pathways on or off when the hormone binds to them.
22
Q
What is specificity?
A
It means being picky. The receptor for one hormone will not bind other hormones
23
Q
What is saturation?
A
All of the receptor molecules are occupied by hormones
24
Which hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane and entered the nucleus?
Steroid hormones
25
Which hormones bind to receptors associated with DNA?
Steroid hormones
26
What hormone cannot penetrate into a target cell?
Peptide hormones
27
A hormone that binds to cell surface receptor which then activates the G protein and the G protein migrates to effector enzyme And activates it which generates the second messenger?
The second messenger then activates other enzymes which catalyze or inhibit metabolic reactions
Cyclic AMP, DAG, IP3 act as second messengers
Peptide hormones
28
What is amplification?
When one hormone can trigger the synthesis of many enzymes
29
When the target cell increases the number of recepters and becomes more sensitive to the hormone, this type of modulation of target cell sensitivity is called?
Up-regulation
30
When the cell reduces its receptors and becomes less sensitive to the hormone this is called?
Down regulation
31
There are three types of hormone interactions, what are they?
Synergist effect
Permissive effect
Antagonistic effect
32
Which effect is when one hormone enhances the target organs response to a second hormone?
Permissive effect
33
When two or more hormones act together to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate effects, this is called?
Synergistic effect
34
When one hormone opposes the action of another to gain control this is called?
Antagonistic effect
35
The Release of hormones in response to signals from the nervous system in the control of hormone secretion is called what?
Neuroendocrine reflexes
36
Another type of control of hormone secretion is feedback from target organs. What are the two types of feedback?
Negative feedback inhibition
| Positive feedback
37
When the pituitary hormone stimulates another endocrine glands to secrete it's hormone, and the hormone feeds back to the pituitary this one type of?
Negative feedback inhibition
38
When for example the hypothalamus secretes TRH to the pituitary which secretes TSH to the thyroid then secretes TH to the pituitary and inhibits the TSH. This is another type of?
Negative feedback inhibition
39
When a hormone is secreted and feedback from the target cells stimulate increased hormone secretion, this is called?
Positive feedback
40
Another type of control of hormone secretion is in?
Blood molecule concentrations
41
Another way to control hormone secretion is when unused hormones are taken up by the liver and kidneys and excreted. This is called?
Hormone clearance
42
Stress and adaptation of hormones
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called?
Stress
43
What happens in response to stress?
It involves elevated levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands and cortisol also released from the adrenal glands just a different spot.
44
What are the three stages of stress for hormone?
Alarm reaction
resistance
Exhaustion
45
When norepinephrine from the SNS and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla prepare for fight or flight, body consumes stored glycogen during this stage?
Alarm reaction
46
When glycogen is gone, the body uses cortisol to provide an alternative fuel ( fat and protein). This stage is called?
Resistance
47
When fat reserves are gone, protein meets energy needs. This stage is called?
Exhaustion
48
Where is the location of the hypothalamus?
It forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain.
49
What are the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus?
Thyrotropin
Corticotropin
Gonadotropin
Growth hormone
50
What is the target tissue of the releasing hormones?
Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
51
What do the releasing hormones do?
They stimulate the pituitary to secrete hormones
52
What are inhibiting hormones?
They are part of negative feedback loops
53
What are the inhibiting hormones?
Prolactin inhibiting hormone
| Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
54
What is the target tissue of the inhibiting hormones?
Adenohypophysis
55
What do the inhibiting hormones do?
They suppress pituitary secretion of hormones
56
Where is the anterior lobe pituitary gland located?
In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone (middle of brain)
57
How many hormones does the anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland secrete And what are their names?
```
Six
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone ( LH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
```
58
What are the target tissues of FSH?
Ovaries and testes
59
What does FSH stimulate in the female?
Growth of follicle and secretion of estrogen
60
What does FSH stimulate in males?
Stimulate sperm production
61
What does Luten mean?
Yellow
62
What are the target tissues of the luteinizing hormone?
The ovaries and testes
63
What does the luteinizing hormone stimulate in the females?
Ovulation and secretion of progesterone
64
What does the lutenizing hormone stimulate in the male?
Secretion of testosterone
65
What is the target tissue of the thyroid stimulating hormone?
The thyroid gland
66
What does the thyroid stimulating hormone stimulate?
Growth of thyroid and secretion of TH
67
What is the target tissue of the adrenocorticotropic hormone?
The adrenal gland cortex
68
What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate?
The adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (controls sugar)
69
What is the target tissues of prolactin?
Mammary glands and testes
70
What does prolactin stimulate in females?
Stimulates milk synthesis but doesn't release milk
71
What does prolactin stimulate in males?
Stimulates increased LH sensitivity
72
What are the growth hormones target tissues?
The target tissues are widespread especially liver, bone, cartilage, muscle and fat
73
The growth hormone causes widespread tissue growth through two ways, what are they?
Mitosis
| Cellular differentiation
74
When the growth hormone causes hypersecretion you can get two types of disorders.
One is excess growth in children, which is known as?
Another is thickening of bones and soft tissue in adults, This is known as?
Gigantism
Acromegaly
75
The growth hormone can also cause hyposecretion.
| This can cause reduced growth, known as?
Pituitary dwarfism
76
The posterior lobe pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) secretes two hormones, what are they?
```
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
```
77
Hormones are produced by cell bodies in the hypothalamus and stored where in the pituitary gland?
Axons
78
Where is the target tissue of the antidiuretic hormone?
Kidneys, they tell the kidneys to keep water and put it back into the bloodstream
79
What does the antidiuretic hormone stimulate?
Water retension which reduces urine volume
80
What is diabetes insipidus?
It is because of hyposecretion, it is chronic polyuria without glucose in urine. If we don't have ADH, we get polyuria.
81
What is the target tissue of Oxytocin?
The uterus and Mammary glands
82
What does oxytocin stimulate?
Labor contractions and milk release
83
What is the location of the pineal gland?
It is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
84
What hormones does the pineal gland secrete?
The pineal gland secretes melatonin from serotonin
85
What is the target tissue of the melatonin?
The brain
86
What does the melatonin do?
It may influence mood and sexual maturation
87
Where is the thymus located?
Mediastinum ( middle of chest), Superior to the heart
88
What hormones does the thymus stimulate or secrete?
Thymosin
Thymopoietin
Thymulin
89
What are the target tissues of thymosin, thympopoietin, and thymulin?
T lymphocytes
90
What do these hormones stimulate?
T lymphocytes development and activity. T cells protect from viruses and cancers.
91
What is the location of the thyroid gland?
It is adjacent to the trachea below larynx.
92
What hormones does the thyroid gland stimulate or secrete?
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
93
What is the target tissues of T4 and T3?
Most cells
94
What does T4 and T3 stimulate?
An increase in the bodies metabolic rate
95
Hypersecretion of T4 into T3 can cause what?
Toxic goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), called Graves' disease, where antibodies mimic TSH
You can have increased metabolic rate, heart rate, temperature, nervousness, loss of sleep, loss of weight, and bulging eyes.
96
Hyposecretion of T4 and T3 can cause what?
Congenital hypothyroidism, which causes lethargy, brain damage etc. in
infants
Endemic goiter- iodine deficiency, gland cannot synthesize TH
(Endemic is because of area you live in)
97
What is the target tissue of calcitonin?
Bones
98
What does Calcitonin stimulate?
Bone deposition to decrease blood calcium levels
99
What is the location of the parathyroid gland?
It is embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid
100
What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?
The parathyroid hormone (PTH)
101
What are the target tissues of the parathyroid hormone?
Bones, kidneys, small intestine
102
What does the parathyroid hormone do?
It raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and reducing urinary calcium excretion
103
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Soft, deformed, fragile bones and renal calculi
104
What is hypoparathyroidism?
Fetal tetany in three or four days
105
What is the location of the adrenal medulla?
Superior to kidney
106
What hormones does the Adrenal Medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
107
What are the target tissues of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Most tissues
108
What does epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate?
Increased alertness and prepares the body for physical activity
109
What is pheochromocytoma or ( hypersecretion of Epinephrine and norepinephrine)?
Increased blood pressure, metabolic rate, blood glucose, nervousness and indigestion
110
What is the location of the adrenal cortex?
It is superior to the kidney
111
What three hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)
Androgen (mainly DHEA)
112
What is the target tissue of aldosterone?
The kidneys
113
What does aldosterone stimulates?
Sodium and water retention and potassium excretion, to maintain blood pressure and blood volume
114
What happens with hyposecretion of aldosterone?
Addison's disease, which is hypoglycemia, iron and water imbalance, weight-loss, hypotension, dehydration
115
What is cortisol's target tissues?
Most tissues
116
What does cortisol stimulates?
It stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, tissue repair
117
What happens with hypersecretion cortisol?
Cushing's syndrome, hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, hypertension, edema, fat deposits in face or between shoulders.
118
What happens in hyposecretion of cortisol?
Addison's disease, hypoglycemia, ion and water imbalance, weight-loss, hypotension, dehydration
119
What is androgens target tissues?
Bones, muscles, Integument, brain
120
Androgen stimulates what?
Growth of bone, pubic hair, axillary hair, apocrine sweat glands, fetal male reproductive tract and sex drive
121
What does hypersecretion of androgen cause?
Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) - Enlarged penis or clitoris in newborns
Adult female- Increased body hair
122
Hormones coming clusters of cells called the pancreatic islet this is called?
The pancreas
123
Where is the pancreas located?
It is located below and behind the stomach
124
How many hormones does the pancreas secrete and what are their names?
Three
Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin (GHIH)
125
What is the target tissue of glucagon?
The liver
126
What does glucagon do?
It raises blood glucose levels in amino acid absorption
127
What are insulins target tissues?
Most tissues
128
What does insulin stimulate?
It stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake, lowers blood glucose levels, promote synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein
129
What does hyperinsulinism cause?
Hypoglycemia, weakness, hunger, shock
130
What does hyposecretion of insulin cause?
Diabetes mellitus - Hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and ketonuria
131
What Are somatostatin's target tissues?
The stomach, intestines and pancreas
132
What does somatostatin do?
Modulates digestion and nutrient absorption
133
Where are the ovaries located?
In the pelvic cavity
134
How many hormones does the ovaries produce and what are they called?
Two
Estradiol and progesterone
135
What are the target tissues of estradiol?
Many tissues
136
What does estradiol stimulates?
It stimulates female reproductive development and adolescent growth, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation
137
What are the target tissues of progesterone?
The uterus and mammary glands
138
What is progesterone do?
It regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation
139
What is the location of the testes?
Outside the pelvic cavity
140
What is the hormone secreted from the testes?
Testosterone
141
What is the target tissue of testosterone?
Many tissues
142
What does testosterone stimulate?
It stimulates fetal and adolescent reproductive development, musculoskeletal growth, sperm production and libido
