Chapter 26: Disorders of Blood Flow and BP Regulation

Question 1

tunica intima -

Answer 1

endothelium

Question 2

tunica media -

Answer 2

smooth muscle

Question 3

tunica adventitia -

Answer 3

collagen and elastic fibers

Question 4

functions of endothelial cells

Answer 4

• allows for movement of food, O2, wastes, CO2
• creates compounds that cause vasodilation
• resist clot formation
• creates compounds to promote clot formation in injured areas

Question 5

vascular smooth muscle cells are found mostly where

Answer 5

tunica media

Question 6

Vascular smooth muscle cells controls…

Answer 6

vasoconstriction or dilation of blood vessels

Question 7

HDL cholesterol

Answer 7

good cholesterol; protective

should be around 60mg/dL

Question 8

Total cholesterol

Answer 8

<240 is desirable

Question 9

LDL cholesterol

Answer 9

main lipoprotein carrier of cholesterol. Made in the liver.

<100 is desirable

Question 10

thickening and hardening caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall. believed to be an inflammatory disease.

Answer 10

atherosclerosis

Question 11

Injured endothelial cells make it where they are no longer able to make …

Answer 11

their normal amount of vasodilation cytokines

Question 12

reduced ability to vasodilator causes

Answer 12

stiff and small vessels

Question 13

Plaque structure process

Answer 13

1. endothelial cell injury
2. migration of inflammatory cells
3. lipid accumulation and smooth muscle cell proliferation
4. plaque structure

Question 14

A patient presents with this kind of plaque: has a thick fibrous cap, partially block vessels, not tending to form clots, and is staying where its at. What kind of plaque is this?

Answer 14

stable

Question 15

describe a unstable plaque

Answer 15

have thin fibrous caps, plaque can rupture and cause a clot to form, may completely block the artery, the clot may break free and become an embolus

Question 16

What is the #1 complication of thrombosis?

Answer 16

atherosclerosis

Question 17

risk factors of atherosclerosis

Answer 17

hypercholesterolemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, family history of premature CHD, Age, HDL cholesterol <40

Question 18

major complications of atherosclerosis

Answer 18

ischemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease

Question 19

clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis

Answer 19

narrowing of the vessels and resulting ischemia, vessel obstruction due to plaque hemorrhage, thrombosis and formation of emboli, aneurysm formation

Question 20

Peripheral Artery Disease primary symptoms

Answer 20

intermittent claudication (blood flow is really slow which cause muscle pain) , thinning of skin, cool foot, weak or absent pedal pulses.

Question 21

peripheral artery disease where the primary vasospastic disorder of unknown origin.

Answer 21

Raynaud disease

Question 22

dilation or out pouching by complete vessel wall where blood stays in the vascular compartment

Answer 22

true aneurysms

Question 23

with aneurysms, time is limited if they

Answer 23

rupture

Question 24

aneurysms can be caused by

Answer 24

atherosclerosis which erodes vessel wall, congenital defects, trauma, infection

Question 25

venous return depends on:

Answer 25

a blood pressure difference, the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump

Question 26

a vein in which blood has pooled. distended, tortuous and palpable veins.

Answer 26

varicose veins

Question 27

cause of varicose veins

Answer 27

trauma or gradual venous distention

Question 28

impaired blood flow leads to

Answer 28

tissue congestion, edema, nutritional impairment

Question 29

obstruction of venous flow leading to increased venous pressure

Answer 29

venous thrombosis

Question 30

Venous thrombosis factors- VIRCHOW's TRIAD

Answer 30

1. venous stasis- immobility 2. venous endothelial damage (vessel damage) 3. hypercoagulable states - inherited or acquired

Question 31

venous thrombosis (DVT) can be in

Answer 31

arms or legs

Question 32

DVT have a risk of

Answer 32

pulmonary embolism

Question 33

S/S of venous thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 33

swelling, pain, tenderness of entire extremity, warmth- r/t veins not returning blood to heart

Question 34

__________ and __________ increase blood pressure only if the venous return is adequate

Answer 34

stroke volume and heart rate

Question 35

pressure sensors are located in the walls of

Answer 35

blood vessels and heart