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Pathophysiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of body fluids?

A
  • transport gases, nutrients, and wastes
  • help generate the electrical activity needed to power body functions
  • take part in the transformation of food into energy
  • maintain the overall function of the body
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2
Q

body fluid is made of what 2 compontents?

A

intracellular compartment and extracellular compartments

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3
Q

extracellular compartment is made up of what

A
  • intersitital fluid
  • plasma compartment
  • transcellular compartment
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4
Q

the plasma compartment of ECF may be referred to as

A

serum

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5
Q

plasma contains a high amount

A

of protein in blood

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6
Q

interstitial fluid does ____ circulate

A

not

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7
Q

interstitial fluid surrounds __________ within tissue spaces and lymph.

A

cells/fluid

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8
Q

transcellular fluid is ________ of the normal compartments.

A

outside

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9
Q

transcellular fluid is separated by a layer of _________

A

epithelium

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10
Q

plasma and interstitial fluids contain large amounts of

A

Na+ and Cl-, mainly in the form of NaCl

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11
Q

Intracellular fluid contains large amounts of

A

potassium

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12
Q

capillary/intersitial fluid exchange is the forces that keep ________ ________ in check

A

interstitial fluid

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13
Q

lymph helps move what?

A

fluid

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14
Q

cells will neither shrink nor swell

A

isotonic

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15
Q

cells will swell

A

hypotonic

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16
Q

cells will shrink

A

hypertonic

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17
Q

accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

A

edema

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18
Q

what is pitting edema?

A

when you press the edema and a pit/dent forms

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19
Q

describe a isotonic disorder

A

too much or too little, but still the same. proportionate amount Na+ and H2O lost.

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20
Q

reasons for isotonic disorder

A

dehydration and fluid excess

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21
Q

What is the range of sodium?

A

135-145

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22
Q

What is the most plentiful electrolyte in the ECF?

A

sodium

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23
Q

Sodium is important for

A

acid-base balance and contributor to nervous system

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24
Q

Patient is presenting with high levels of sodium and experencing symptoms of dry skin and mucus membranes as well headache, restlessness and agitation. What disorder are the suffering from?

A

hypernatremia

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25
describe hypernatremia
sodium level more than 145 net loss of water, sweating and failure to drink S/S: dry skin and mucus membranes CNS symptoms: headache, restlessness, and agitation
26
describe hyponatremia
sodium level less than 135 net gain of water due to renal disease and heart failure sodium loss due to sweating S/S: disorientation, confusion, gross motor function
27
normal potassium level
3.5-5.5
28
most potassium is stored in the
muscle
29
potassium is lost in the
urine
30
patient is presenting low potassium levels and is experiencing cardiac symptoms. what might the patient be suffering from?
hypokalemia
31
describe hypokalemia
potassium levels lower than 3.5 | arrhythmias
32
what are some of the reasons for hypokalemia?
inadequate intake excessive GI, renal, and skin losses redistribution between the ICF and ECF
33
describe hyperkalemia:
level >5.5 decreased renal elimination movement ICF to ECF S/S: most related to neuromuscular excitability, parasthesias, SOB secondary to respiratory muscle weakness, heart: bradycardia, V fib
34
what is the calcium value
8.5-10.5
35
calcium is controlled by
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
36
Calcium most be in the ECF for _____ ________
blood clotting
37
Calcium is important for contraction of ________ ______.
smooth muscle
38
hypocalcemia is usually caused by
low albumin
39
your patients lab come back and indicate that your patient has hypocalcemia. what would the lab levels be to indicate this?
< 8.5mg
40
hypocalcemia is usually _______, but in severe cases can cause _________ and ________.
asymptomatic. tetany and seizures
41
what are the lab levels for hypercalcemia?
> 10.5 mg
42
hypercalcemia is usually caused by kidneys not being able to _______
eliminate
43
the most common cause of hypercalcemia is increased _________ ________ due to neoplasms and hyperparathyroidism.
bone reabsorption
44
signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia are most related to
cardiac
45
what are the values for magnesium?
1.8-3
46
magnesium is required for energy metabolism and _________ _____ ________.
proper DNA replication
47
magnesium is essential for all reactions that require _____.
ATP
48
magnesium is a _______ _______.
muscle relaxer.
49
patient presents with magnesium level of 1.2 and cardiac symptoms like tachycardia. what could your patient be suffering from?
hypomagnesemia
50
hypomagnesemia is usually from
insufficent intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, and medications
51
If you see a low Mg+ lab level, what other lab levels may be low?
K+ and Ca+
52
what are the values for hypermagnesemia?
>3.0
53
hypermagnesemia is usually related to
renal insufficiency
54
what medications might contribute to hypermagnesemia?
laxative, antacids, mineral supplement
55
what is are the manifestations of hypermagnesemia?
hyporeflexia (too relaxed), low BP, and cardiac arrest
56
normal pH is ______ - ______.
7.35-7.45
57
the lower the pH, the more _____.
acid
58
the higher the pH, the more _____.
base
59
acid base balance homeostasis is through
bicarbonate buffer system
60
What are the normal CO2 levels?
35-45
61
more CO2 =
acid
62
HCO3- is a _____.
base
63
normal range of HCO3-
22-26
64
There is a problem with the lungs, and they are not able to rid the body of excess CO2. this is called _________
acidosis from the lungs or respiratory acidosis
65
Acidosis from lungs (respiratory acidosis) is when the pH is ______ and CO2 is ______
pH <7.35 and CO2 >45
66
When the kidneys are either producing too little HCO3 or producing too much acid through metabolic processes that the kidney cannot keep up. This is called _______
acidosis from the kidneys or metabolic acidosis
67
Acidosis from the kidneys (metabolic acidosis) is when pH is _____ and HCO3- is _______.
pH <7.35 and HCO3- <22

Pathophysiology (25 decks)

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