Chapter 11:

Question 1

first line of defense =

Answer 1

innate immunity (natural)

Question 2

second line of defense=

Answer 2

adaptive immunity (acquired0

Question 3

innate immunity is always ________ and ________.

Answer 3

present and immediate

Question 4

true or false: innate immunity are all elements with which we are born

Answer 4

true

Question 5

Is innate immunity specific or non-specific?

Answer 5

non-soecific, they have no memory

Question 6

Do innate immunity improve after exposure to antigen?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Innate immunity is avaliable on ______ notice to protect.

Answer 7

short

Question 8

innate immunity attacks

Answer 8

non-self microbes

Question 9

true and false: innate immunity does not distinguish between different microbes

Answer 9

true

Question 10

What physical and mechanical barriers?

Answer 10

epithelium and linings of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory system

Question 11

What are some of the cellular components on innate immunity?

Answer 11

phagocytes, natural killers, dendritic.

Question 12

What molecular component is the primary way that innate and adaptive systems communicate?

Answer 12

cytokines

Question 13

subset of cytokines that stimulate the migration and activate immune and inflammatory cells

Answer 13

chemokines

Question 14

little systems that promote inflammation and destruction of microbes. functions: stimulate mast cells, bind to microorganisms and produce holes in the cell wall.

Answer 14

complement system

Question 15

vascular response in the inflammatory response:

Answer 15

blood vessel dilation, increased vascular permeability and leakage, WBC adherence to the inner walls of the vessels and migration through the vessels.

Question 16

second line of defense is also known as

Answer 16

the adaptive immunity

Question 17

the adaptive immune response is

Answer 17

learned or acquired

Question 18

the adaptive immune response _________ specific substances that are foreign

Answer 18

recognizes

Question 19

the adaptive immune response is _______ for life.

Answer 19

essential

Question 20

the adaptive immune response consist of

Answer 20

lymphocytes and their products

Question 21

what are the purposes of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 21

destroy infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation and innate system.

Question 22

is the adaptive immune system long term or short term?

Answer 22

long term and highly effective against future exposure

Question 23

antibodies in the adaptive immune system recognize ?

Answer 23

antigens

Question 24

types of antigens:

Answer 24

bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, parasites, and antimicrobial agents

Question 25

types of adaptive immunity: (2 types)

Answer 25

humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Question 26

describe humoral immunity:

Answer 26

produce antibodies aka immunoglobulins that attack antigen (B cells with T cells promoting

Question 27

what is the humoral immunity principle defense against?

Answer 27

extracellular mircobes and toxins

Question 28

describe cell-mediated immunity:

Answer 28

phagocytic cells attack the specific microbe/antigen

Question 29

cell-mediated immunity is mediated by

Answer 29

specific T lymphocytes (Cytotoxic T CD8+ and T-helper CD4+)

Question 30

name some components of the adaptive immune system:

Answer 30

antigens, antibodies, lymph system, macrophages, and lymphocytes

Question 31

Where do lymphocytes come from?

Answer 31

stem cells in the bone marrow or fetal liver

Question 32

B cells mature where?

Answer 32

bone marrow

Question 33

T cells mature where?

Answer 33

thymus

Question 34

what are the primary lymph organs?

Answer 34

bone marrow and thymus

Question 35

lymph nodes serve for

Answer 35

proliferation of multiplication

Question 36

the lymphatic system are tissues and organs that are designed and located to convey the __ and ___ cells into contact with all antigens that enter the body. Moves through ______ ______.,

Answer 36

B and T cells. moves through lymph fluid

Question 37

Type of T cells: attack and kill cells that bear antigens

Answer 37

cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ or killer T cells)

Question 38

Type of T cells: help other immune cells

Answer 38

helper T cells/CD4+

Question 39

type of T cell: tells B cells and T cells to chill out and hang in the lymph

Answer 39

supressor T cells

Question 40

type of T cells: remain after the infection and produce the 4 kinds of T cells if activated

Answer 40

memory T cells

Question 41

How does cell mediated immunity happen?

Answer 41

modified host cell arrives --> T cells are activated ---> secrete cytokines ---> increase of T cell reproduction --.> attraction of macrophages --> activate phagocytosis (to eat) or cytotoxic T cells (to punch holes in and die) --> control of disease (memory T cells)

Question 42

How does humoral immmunity happen?

Answer 42

bacteria with antigens enter the body --> B cells recognize it is foreign (the helper T cells tell B cells what to do) --> differeniate into plasma and memory cells --> antigen/antibody complex forms --> phagocytosis --> control of disease

Question 43

what happens in humoral immunity when they differentiate into the plasma?

Answer 43

produce antibody

Question 44

what happens in humoral immunity when they differentiate into the memory cells?

Answer 44

help in case of recurring exposure/ always remember for future

Question 45

Secondary humoral immune response: B memory cells respond to

Answer 45

antigen immediately

Question 46

After the B memory cells respond to antigen immediately the plasma...

Answer 46

rises within days

Question 47

_______ _____ cause a secondary humoral immune response so antibody levels will be high before the disease is encountered

Answer 47

booster shots

Question 48

B lymphocytes create what in response to antigens?

Answer 48

antibodies

Question 49

responsible for newborn protection, activates complement and binds to macrophages. passed from mom to baby (passive transfer). displays antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial properites, antivenom. gets used up immediately

Answer 49

IgG

Question 50

IgG is used up

Answer 50

immediately

Question 51

forms natural antibodies; promiment in early immune responses, activates complement

Answer 51

IgM

Question 52

describe passive immunity:

Answer 52

antibodies are formed somewhere else other than you. it is immediate and not long lasting

Question 53

How do vaccines work?

Answer 53

it is an adaptive/active immunity because your body still has to adapt and create antibodies for it.