Chapter 13

Question 1

what are the functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

• controls skeletal muscle movement
• regulate cardiac and visceral smooth muscle activity
• enables the reception, intergration and perception of sensory information
• provide the substration necessary for intelligence, anticipation and judgement
• facilites adjustment to an ever-changing external environment

Question 2

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 2

CNS

Question 3

found outside the structures of the CNS. relays messages to the CNS and transmits messages that control effector organs

Answer 3

PNS

Question 4

somatic nervous system

Answer 4

nerves that connect the CNS to skin and skeletal muscle. “voluntary” nervous system.

Question 5

autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

motor and sensory pathways. located in both CNS and PNS. regulation of the body’s internal environment. hypothalamus. “involuntary” nervous system

Question 6

in the autonomic nervous system, what division do we have?

Answer 6

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 7

“fight or flight”. prepares body for stressful or emergency situations. neurons release norepinephrine

Answer 7

sympathetic divison

Question 8

what does the sympathetic division do to the body?

Answer 8

increases heart and breathing rates, slows down muscles of the stomach and intestines. dilates pupils. constricts blood vessels- increase blood pressure.

Question 9

prepares the body for rest and digest. controls most of the bodys organs. releases acetylcholine.

Answer 9

parasympathetic divison

Question 10

what does the parasympathetic divison do to the body?

Answer 10

slows heart rate down, constricts pupils, activates muscles of stomach and intestine. no communication with the blood vessels

Question 11

sympathetic and parasympathetic divsions are

Answer 11

antagonistic

Question 12

functional information-processing cells

Answer 12

neurons

Question 13

protect nervous system and supply metabolic support

Answer 13

(neuro)glial cells

Question 14

what a neuron composed of

Answer 14

cell body, dendrite, axon

Question 15

dendrites: ______ nerve impulse

Answer 15

recieve

Question 16

axon: _______ nerve impulse

Answer 16

send

Question 17

type of neuron:

sensory information from environment or inside body to CNS interpretation

Answer 17

afferent/sensory

Question 18

type of neuron:

impulses from CNS to PNS to allow for movement/action

Answer 18

efferent/motor

Question 19

type of neuron:

interpretive neurons between afferent and efferent nerves in the CNS

Answer 19

interneurons

Question 20

sends information TO the brain

Answer 20

afferent

Question 21

sends information/action FROM

Answer 21

efferent

Question 22

help form BBB- keep out toxins

Answer 22

astrocytes

Question 23

produce myelin; myelinating cells

Answer 23

oligodendrocytes

Question 24

myelin insulates axons and enables axons to send nerve impulses ________ ________.

Answer 24

more quickly

Question 25

macrophages that clean up and protect CNS.

Answer 25

microglial

Question 26

__________ ____ wrap a layer of myelin around axons and make conduction fast with myelin sheath.

Answer 26

schwann cells

Question 27

cells that protect the cell body

Answer 27

satellite

Question 28

energy requirements of the brain ___ % cardiac output ___ % oxygen consumption

Answer 28

15% cardiac output | 20% oxygen consumption

Question 29

the brain cannot store ______ so it uses it immediately

Answer 29

oxygen

Question 30

Na+ influx in the soma results in

Answer 30

depolarization

Question 31

K+ efflux _________ the membrane

Answer 31

repolarizes

Question 32

what are the functions of neurotransmitters

Answer 32

- causes muscles to contract/relax - causes glands to secrete products - activate or inhibit neurons

Question 33

sympathetic neurotransmitter -->

Answer 33

catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)

Question 34

what do sympathetic neurotransmitters do to the body

Answer 34

constrict blood vessels, speed and strengthen heart, bronchodilation

Question 35

parasympathetic neurotransmitter --->

Answer 35

acetylcholine

Question 36

what do parasympathetic neurotransmitters do to the body?

Answer 36

slow heart, stimulate GI, vasodilate, excites skeletal muscles.

Question 37

dorsal :

Answer 37

afferent/efferent

Question 38

dorsal _____ information to the brain

Answer 38

sends

Question 39

ventral:

Answer 39

efferent/motor

Question 40

ventral sends information ______ the brain

Answer 40

from

Question 41

central nervous system includes

Answer 41

the brain and the spinal cord

Question 42

Blood-brain barrier protects the ______ of the membranes of the CNS

Answer 42

layers

Question 43

the blood brain barrier is formed by

Answer 43

tight capillaries

Question 44

the blood brain barrier prevents

Answer 44

unwanted substances from entering the CNS tissue

Question 45

function of the forebrain

Answer 45

control cognititve, sensory, and motor function. regulate temp. reproductive functions. display of emotions

Question 46

what is the forebrain composed of

Answer 46

thalamus, hypothalmus, cerebrum

Question 47

switchboard or relay station for impulses going to and coming from the cerebrum

Answer 47

thalamus

Question 48

homeostatic control

Answer 48

hypothalamus

Question 49

nerve center for sensory and motor

Answer 49

cerebrum

Question 50

coordiantes and interprets sensory info

Answer 50

parietal

Question 51

motor, anticipation, behavior, and intellectual functions

Answer 51

frontal

Question 52

hearing, smell, taste, and language

Answer 52

temporal

Question 53

vision

Answer 53

occipital

Question 54

emotional

Answer 54

limbic system

Question 55

functions of the midbrain

Answer 55

controls posture and walking. handles reflexes of eye movements

Question 56

functions of the hindbrain

Answer 56

lifesustaining processes/refelx center for involuntary processes (heart rate, respiration rate, coughing, swallowing, vomitting)

Question 57

hindbrain is comprised of

Answer 57

medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons

Question 58

controls breathing and HR

Answer 58

medulla oblongata

Question 59

controls fine motor coordination

Answer 59

cerebellum

Question 60

influence over several autonomic basic life functions such as consciousness and regulation of respiration.

Answer 60

pons