chapter 23

Question 1

functions of blood

Answer 1

Transport medium for specialized 
defense cells
Distribution of nutrients, oxygen and 
hormones
Transport medium for metabolic wastes

Question 2

function of erythrocyte

Answer 2

Carry Oxygen with the Help of Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Binds CO2 (carbon dioxide) and
returns to lungs

Question 3

Hemoglobin must have…

Answer 3

Iron
APPROX 65% OF IRON IS IN FORM OF
HEMOGLOBIN
approx 30+% stored in liver as Ferritin

Question 4

Hemoglobin

Answer 4

Complex protein; Composed of Heme 
(the iron & biliverdin portion) + Globin 
(the amino acid portion)
2 alpha + 2 Beta chains
Carries O2 from lungs to tissues and 
CO2 from tissues to lungs

Question 5

Erythropoietin is produced in

Answer 5

the Kidneys
Stimulated by Hypoxia
Synthetic Erythropoietin Available

Question 6

some causes of decreased erythropoiesis are

Answer 6

Kidney Failure

Chemotherapy or Medications

Question 7

Erythropoiesis

Answer 7

Erythrocyte Production/Stimulation

Question 8

Required Dietary Factors for RBC

production

Answer 8

 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) - required for DNA
synthesis
intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of
B12
 Folic acid - (folate) required for DNA synthesis
 Iron - required for hemoglobin synthesis
 Vitamin C - increases absorption of iron

Question 9

RBCS last about

Answer 9

120 days

Question 10

RBCs are destroyed in

Answer 10

spleen or liver

Question 11

RBC destruction

Answer 11

Hemoglobin is broken down
Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin and
excreted in bile via the gallbladder.
Iron (heme element) is carried on transferrin
to the liver were it is stored as ferritin or back
to the bone marrow to be reused
Globin/amino acid portion is recycled

Question 12

red blood cell count measures

Answer 12

the total number of red blood cells in

1 mm3 of blood

Question 13

average RBC count for male and female

Answer 13

Male: 4.35-5.65 trillion cells/L* (4.32-5.72 million cells/mcL**)
Female: 3.92-5.13 trillion cells/L (3.90-5.03 million cells/mcL

Question 14

Percentage of reticulocytes

Answer 14

(normally
approximately 1%)
Provides an index of the rate of red cell
production

Question 15

Hemoglobin Lab test

Answer 15

measured in grams per
100 mL of blood)
Measures the hemoglobin content of the blood

Question 16

hematocrit

Answer 16

Measures the volume of red cell mass in 100

mL of plasma volume

Question 17

things you might see in anemia

Answer 17

- Hypoxia
Fatigue
weakness
dyspnea 
Pallor
Tachycardia

Question 18

adapting to anemia

Answer 18

heart rate increases, respiratory rate increases. this occurs at rest or with small exertion

Question 19

microcytic

Answer 19

small RBC

Question 20

normocytic

Answer 20

normal size RBC

Question 21

macrocytic

Answer 21

large RBC

Question 22

normochromic

Answer 22

Normal amount of Hemoglobin

Question 23

hypochromic

Answer 23

Low amount of Hemoglobin (pale)

Question 24

hyperchromic

Answer 24

Elevated amount/weight of

Hemoglobin (bright red)

Question 25

pathophysiologic anemia

Answer 25

Increased destruction Decreased production Blood loss and sequestration; inherited (congenital) or acquired

Question 26

internal blood loss anemia

Answer 26

joints, tauma, hematoma

Question 27

external blood loss anemia

Answer 27

GI, renal, menses, bleeding disorder

Question 28

blood loss anemia symptoms

Answer 28

mainly secondary to hypovolemia May be hard to recognize if chronic Will eventually lead to iron loss anemia

Question 29

sickle cell anemia (hemolytic)

Answer 29

``` Mutation in beta chains of hemoglobin •When hemoglobin is deoxygenated, beta chains link together  Forming long protein rods that make the cell “sickle” ```

Question 30

sickle cell triggers

Answer 30

Conditions which are associated with low oxygen levels, increased acidity, or low volume (dehydration) of the blood. (Cold, stress, infection, physical exertion) These conditions can occur as a result of injury to the body's tissues, dehydrating states, or anesthesia.

Question 31

sickled cells block____. this causes____

Answer 31

capillaries; acute pain, Infarctions cause chronic damage to liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, eyes, bones Pulmonary infarction Cerebral infarction ->stroke

Question 32

jaundice

Answer 32

r/t increased heme destruction exceeding liver’s ability to conjugate and excrete bilirubin

Question 33

iron-deficiency anemia (IDA)

Answer 33

often caused by chronic blood loss, most common anemia worldwide, malabsorption, small pale RBCs, no Iron=no color, blood loss causes decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit, hemolysis (destruction), increased demands

Question 34

megaloblastic anemias

Answer 34

large RBCs, think nutrition, large deformed RBCs, can't carry HgB

Question 35

chronic disease anemias

Answer 35

Ex. Chronic Renal Failure; Normal size/color, | just not enough of them

Question 36

pernicious anemia

Answer 36

No intrinsic factor-> vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed-> alteration in DNA synthesis needed for cell division-> delayed cellular division, altered nuclear pattern, megaloblastic anemia-> ineffective erythropoiesis: increased serum bilirubin and urobilinogen excretion

Question 37

mild to moderate anemia is seen in:

Answer 37

AIDS, RA, SLE, HEP, renal failure, malig

Question 38

pathologic mechanisms in anemia of chronic disease/inflammation

Answer 38

 Decreased erythrocyte life span  Erythropoietin- Not making enough - May be r/t renal pt and/or hemodialysis  Altered iron metabolism

Question 39

polycythemia

Answer 39

increase in circulating blood cells in the blood due to bone marrow overgrowth Classified as chronic myeloproliferative disorder (making too many myelocytes)

Question 40

forms of polycythemia

Answer 40

- polycythemia vera (primary) | - secondary polycythemia

Question 41

polycythemia vera

Answer 41

increase in RBC, increase in WBC, increase in platelets. r/t increases in cell counts, treat with phlebotomy

Question 42

secondary polycythemia

Answer 42

``` A possible complication of COPD, secondary polycythemia is a rare disorder that causes too many red blood cells in the blood. When too many red blood cells are produced, the blood becomes thick, hindering its passage through the smaller blood vessels ```