Chapter 3

Question 1

pathology

Answer 1

study of disease

Question 2

pathophysiology

Answer 2

how physiology is affected by disease

Question 3

evidence-based practice

Answer 3

why we do what we do

Question 4

true or false: cells have to find a way to adapt to survive

Answer 4

true

Question 5

cells that are damaged that will go back to normal are called

Answer 5

reversible cell damage

Question 6

cells that are damaged that won’t go back to normal

Answer 6

irreversible cell damage

Question 7

what are the two kinds of irreversible cell damage?

Answer 7

1. necrosis

2. apoptosis

Question 8

cell will not recover

Answer 8

necrosis

Question 9

cell suicide, removes cells that are. being replaced or worn out

Answer 9

apoptosis

Question 10

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 10

Necrosis is a pathological process caused due to external agents like toxins, trauma, and infections. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death to help control the number of cells in the body.

Question 11

we adapt in response to what?

Answer 11

stimuli

Question 12

in response to stimuli the cell develops a new altered state but remains functional (able to remain in homeostasis)

Answer 12

adaption

Question 13

cells change in order to compensate a _______

Answer 13

stressor

Question 14

the act of compensatory change is the body’s way of

Answer 14

adapting by increasing or decreasing size or number of cells

Question 15

physiologic compensatory change:

Answer 15

adapting w/o underlying disease process

Question 16

pathologic compensatory change:

Answer 16

underlying disease that is causing it to adapt

Question 17

hormonal compensatory change:

Answer 17

can be normal compensatory changes

Question 18

what are the types of adaption?

Answer 18

1. hyperplasia
2. hypertrophy
3. atrophy
4. metaplasia
5. dysplasia

Question 19

when there is a increase number of cells in tissue or organs

Answer 19

hyperplasia

Question 20

when does hyperplasia occur?

Answer 20

occurs in tissues with cells that are capable of mitoic division.

Question 21

type of adaption where there is a increase in size. cells get bigger

Answer 21

hypertrophy

Question 22

when can hypertrophy be a bad thing?

Answer 22

if heart becomes hypertrophic, it can be life threatening

Question 23

when cells decrease in size or function

Answer 23

atrophy

Question 24

What are some of the causes of atrophy?

Answer 24

disuse, lack of blood flow, malnutrition, denervation or reduced endocrine stimulation

Question 25

Your patient is experencing lack of blood flow to a certain part of the body, what might you be concerned of?

Answer 25

atrophy

Question 26

subsition of another cell reversible change in which one adult replaced for another.

Answer 26

metaplasia

Question 27

what is a big factor risk of malignancy

Answer 27

smoking

Question 28

deranged cellular growth of a specific tissue

Answer 28

dysplasia

Question 29

signs of dysplasia

Answer 29

chronic irriation or inflammation

Question 30

dysplasia as a precursor of what

Answer 30

cancer but it doesn't always lead to it

Question 31

reversible cell injury does what?

Answer 31

impairs cell function not death

Question 32

irreversible injury or cell death :

Answer 32

apoptosis or necrosis

Question 33

what would indicate cell injury?

Answer 33

cellular changes, altered shape, size and organization

Question 34

Your patient is experiencing oxygen deprivation, what can that tell you about the cells?

Answer 34

the are vulnerable to cell injury

Question 35

What is the #1 cause of cell injury?

Answer 35

oxygen deprivation

Question 36

What are some causes of cell injury?

Answer 36

physical agents, chemical agents, radition, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic derangements, nutritonal imbalances

Question 37

O2 deprivation impairs what

Answer 37

aerobic respiration and ability to produce ATP

Question 38

lack of O2 results in decreased aerobic respiration

Answer 38

hypoxia

Question 39

lack of O2 and metabolic substrates. loss of ATP. causes a influx of NaCl.

Answer 39

ischemia

Question 40

The influx of NaCl in ischemia results in what

Answer 40

swelling

Question 41

aerobic metabolism stops -->

Answer 41

less ATP produced

Question 42

anaerobic metabolism used --->

Answer 42

lactic acid produced

Question 43

the longer the tissue is hypoxic, there is a increased chance of

Answer 43

irreversible cell injury

Question 44

Causes of hypoxic cell injury:

Answer 44

inadequate o2 in air, respiratory disease, inability of cells to use oxygen, edema, ischemia

Question 45

molecules that are responsible for aging, tissue damage and possibly some diseases.

Answer 45

free radicals

Question 46

free radicals react with

Answer 46

proteins, lipids, and carbs in cell membrane

Question 47

describe dry gangrene

Answer 47

becomes dry and shrinks, skin wrinkles and its color changes dark brown to black. spread is slow

Question 48

describe wet gangrene

Answer 48

area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. skin is moist, black, and foul odor.