Chapter 27 Emotions & Psychiatric Disorders

Question 1

Among the structural abnormalities in the brains of schizophrenics examined at autopsy are __________.

a. thinner parahippocampal gyri
b. disorganization of hippocampal neurons
c. enlarged ventricles
d. all of the above

Answer 1

d. all of the above

Question 2

Examination of the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test with schizophrenics suggests abnormalities in __________.

a. motor programming
b. prefrontal cortex structure and function
c. visual processing
d. dopamine metabolism

Answer 2

b. prefrontal cortex structure and function

Question 3

Which is true regarding BDNF?

a. It is upregulated by antidepressant medication.
b. It is downregulated by stress hormones.
c. It enhances the survival of neurons.
d. all of the above

Answer 3

d. all of the above

Question 4

Which region shows a decrease in blood flow and metabolism in depressive patients?

a. the amygdala
b. the medial thalamus
c. the dorsolateral prefrontal area
d. the orbital prefrontal area

Answer 4

c. the dorsolateral prefrontal area

Question 5

Post and Weiss hypothesized that in bipolar patients, mood-disorder episodes are initially __________.

a. spontaneous and unrelated to external events
b. precipitated by psychosocial stressors
c. very rapid, cycling daily
d. not effectively treated by medication

Answer 5

b. precipitated by psychosocial stressors

Question 6

At the peak of psychosurgery’s popularity as a therapy for mental disease, there were an estimated __________ psychosurgeries performed in the United States (1936-1978).

a. 200,000
b. 35,000
c. 3 million
d. 147

Answer 6

b. 35,000

Question 7

The root cause of Huntington’s chorea has been identified as __________.

a. damage to GABA neurons resulting from brain trauma
b. shrinkage of the cortex due to stress hormones
c. a dominant autosomal gene with complete penetrance
d. a recessive sex-linked gene that is linked to the dopamine system

Answer 7

c. a dominant autosomal gene with complete penetrance

Question 8

The abnormal movements seen in adults with Huntington’s chorea are thought to be caused by the hyperactivity of neurons secreting __________.

a. dopamine
b. acetylcholine
c. GABA
d. all of the above

Answer 8

a. dopamine

Question 9

Parkinson’s disease is the result of the degeneration of the __________.

a. orbital frontal cortex
b. hippocampus
c. substantia nigra
d. premotor cortex

Answer 9

c. substantia nigra

Question 10

The positive symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include all of the following EXCEPT __________.

a. tremor at rest
b. disorders of posture
c. muscular rigidity
d. involuntary movements

Answer 10

b. disorders of posture

Question 11

Which symptom of Parkinson’s disease can manifest as a lack of blinking, blank facial expression, difficulty making repetitive movements, or the absence of rigidity?

a. akinesia
b. disorder of locomotion
c. disorder of righting
d. disturbance of speech

Answer 11

a. akinesia

Question 12

Schizophrenia and Tourette’s syndrome are both thought to involve abnormalities in the __________-secreting systems of the brain.

a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. GABA
d. dopamine

Answer 12

d. dopamine

Question 13

Neuritic plaques are one of the brain entities found in __________ disease.

a. Alzheimer’s
b. Huntington’s
c. Wilson’s
d. none of the above

Answer 13

a. Alzheimer’s

Question 14

Although the exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown, researchers have suggested several possible causes. These include __________.

a. accumulation of aluminum salt in the brain
b. abnormal proteins
c. immune reactions
d. all of the above

Answer 14

d. all of the above

Question 15

One of the paper-and-pencil tests that reveal deficits in the memories of patients with Tourette’s syndrome is the __________ test.

a. Wechsler IQ
b. draw-a-man
c. Rey Complex-Figure
d. all of the above

Answer 15

c. Rey Complex-Figure

Question 16

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Answer 16

degenerative brain disorder that first appears as a progressive memory loss and later develops into a generalized dementia; origin unknown, but cholinergic cells in basal forebrain, and cells in entorhinal cortex, appear to degenerate first

Question 17

DEMENTIA

Answer 17

organic loss of intellectual function

Question 18

FESTINATION

Answer 18

tendency to engage in behavior at faster and faster speeds; usually refers to walking but can include other behaviors such as talking and thinking

Question 19

AKATHESIA

Answer 19

condition of motor restlessness, ranging from feeling of inner disquiet to an inability to sit or lie quietly

Question 20

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

Answer 20

nucleus area in midbrain containing cell bodies of axons containing dopamine; appears black in freshly prepared human tissue

Question 21

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Answer 21

disease of motor system correlated with loss of dopamine in brain and is characterized by tremors, rigidity, and reduction in voluntary movement

Question 22

COPROLALIA

Answer 22

the utterance of obscene words, especially words relating to feces

Question 23

ECHOLALIA

Answer 23

condition in which a person repeats words or noises that he or she hears

Question 24

TOURETTE’S SYNDROME

Answer 24

disease characterized by involuntary movements of body parts and involuntary utterance of words and sounds

Question 25

HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA

Answer 25

hereditary disease characterized by chorea (ceaseless, involuntary, jerky movements) and progressive dementia, ending in death

Question 26

NEUROSURGERY

Answer 26

brain surgery to repair damage to alleviate symptoms resulting from known neurological disease

Question 27

PSYCHOSURGERY

Answer 27

surgical intervention to sever fibers connecting one brain part to another, or to remove or destroy brain tissue to modify disturbances of behavior, thought content, or mood, for which no organic pathological cause can be demonstrated by established tests and techniques (e.g., lobotomy)

Question 28

EPIGENETIC

Answer 28

changes in gene regulation that take place without a change in the DNA sequence

Question 29

SENSITIZATION MODEL

Answer 29

model of bipolar illness that proposes that the brain of the bipolar patient is especially sensitive to the effects of stressors or drugs, and that episodes of mood disorder actually change the brain

Question 30

HPA AXIS

Answer 30

the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal circuit controlling hormone production