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SCAF final > Lecture 7 Spatial Behavior > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Spatial Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Spatial behavior refers to behaviors that we use to…

A

guide our body parts through space

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2
Q

Processes that contribute to spatial behavior are…

A

sensory perception,
memory,
attention processes,
motor behavior

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3
Q

__ memory: ability to move through space from one place to another (from point A to point B).

A

topographic

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4
Q

Topographic memory involves the recognition that movements occur in relation to __ __ objects.

A

spatially distinct

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5
Q

__ __: mental representations that we make of space

A

cognitive maps

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6
Q

Space is represented in our brains __ __ __ it is represented on a __.

A

the same way,

map

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7
Q

space that is within our reach

A

grasping space

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8
Q

space that our body moves into (future) or out of (past)

A

distal (time)

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9
Q

space where external objects can be localized to body surface

A

body space

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10
Q

a gross inability to navigate around an environment that was once familiar

A

topographic disorientation

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11
Q

Some patients w/ topographic disorientation demonstrate a preserved ability to __ w/ inability to __.

A

describe routes or offer directions,

actually navigate to the location

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12
Q

Some patients w/ topographic disorientation become confused by their inability to identify __ en route.

A

landmarks

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13
Q

Some patients w/ topographic disorientation demonstrate an inability to __ buildings or landmarks that were formerly familiar to them. This is not due to an __.

A

name,

anomia

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14
Q

Topographic agnosia and topographic amnesia are subdivisions of ___ ___.

A

topographic disorientation

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15
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: failure to identify individual landmarks

A

agnosia

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16
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: inability to navigate around familiar and new environments

A

amnesia

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17
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: able to identify and recognize classes/categories of objects, e.g., churches, but unable to recognize being a member of that church

A

agnosia

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18
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: a specific loss of memory for places, familiar or new

A

amnesia

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19
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: unable to remember topographic relations btwn landmarks, but can identify each landmark indivdually

A

amnesia

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20
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: able to recognize a church as their own church, but not how to get to the church from their current location

A

amnesia

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21
Q

What kind of topographic/spatial amnesia?: unable to navigate in environments familiar to them before injury

A

retrograde

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22
Q

What kind of topographic/spatial amnesia?: unable to navigate in novel environments b/c unable to acquire and retain new information

A

anterograde

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23
Q

Does the right hemisphere play a special role in spatial behavior?

A

Yes, no doubt

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24
Q

Dorsal stream projects to the ___ ___ cortex.

A

posterior parietal

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25
Q

Ventral stream projects to the ___ ___ cortex.

A

inferior temporal

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26
Q

Both dorsal and ventral streams send projections to the ___ cortex, which aids in guiding movements of ___, ___, and ___.

A

frontal, looking, reaching, and locomotion

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27
Q

Dorsal stream = vision for ___

A

action

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28
Q

Ventral stream = vision for ___

A

recognition

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29
Q

Dorsal stream is __-centric (guides unconscious actions w/ respect to objects) (e.g., the whereabouts of the object is not important)

A

egocentric

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30
Q

Ventral stream is __-centric (guides conscious actions w/ respect to objects) (e.g., moving towards a familiar person to talk to them)

A

allocentric

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31
Q

The hippocampus plays a crucial role in ___ new information & ___ that information to the ___ lobes.

A

encoding, transporting, temporal

32
Q

Results from Maguire et al. (2000) reveal the importance of the ___ ___ in complex spatial abilities. Taxi drivers were asked to recall a complex route btwn 2 points.

A

right hippocampus

33
Q

Place cells are cells that are maximally responsive to…

A

specific locations in the world

34
Q

Animal literature suggests that specific activity of place cells seems consistent w/ the idea that the cells are coding an animal’s ___ and ___ in space relative to its ___ ___ cues.

A

location and movement, surrounding environmental cues

35
Q

Tests of spatial navigation of rats include [name 4].

A

Olton raidal-arm maze, T-maze, Grice box, Morris water task

36
Q

The hippocampus is implicated in spatial ___.

A

navigation

37
Q

In rats, the hippocampus has ___ cells that fire when rats are placed in certain locations on a testing platform and ___ ___ ___.

A

place, facing specific directions

38
Q

Findings from hippocampal place cells provide evidence that hippocampus generates ___ ___ of the world, and ___ spatial ___ as a consequence of ___ ___.

A

cognitive maps, anticipate spatial relations, future movements

39
Q

Hippocampal place cells encode ___, ___, and ___ movements of rats.

A

location, speed, voluntary

40
Q

Hippocampal place cells ___ their activity in dark & ___ their activity to represent new environments.

A

maintain, modify

41
Q

If all environmental cues are ___, hippocampal place cells will fire to reflect the new ___ of the cues..

A

rotated, location

42
Q

Hippocampal place cells will fire when they reach a particular part of the maze (e.g., left vs. right turns) when ___ for ___.

A

navigating, food

43
Q

Hippocampal place cells seem to prefer visual cues, but may respond to ___, ___, ___ and ___ stimuli.

A

olfactory, vestibular, tactile and auditory

44
Q

Hippocampal place cells fire in response to specific ___ stimuli (like a cup of water).

A

adaptive

45
Q

Hippocampal place cells show activity in response to single stimuli as long as it provides ___/___ information.

A

predictable/consistent

46
Q

Hippocampal place cells show preference to particular ___.

A

environments

47
Q

Hippocampal place cell activity is linked to the animal’s ability to ___ – if it cannot, the cells ___ firing

A

move, stop

48
Q

Morris et al (1982), using a reference memory procedure, found that hippocampal lesions cause profound and lasting ___-___ impairment in rats.

A

place-navigational

49
Q

Hippocampal-lesion rats ___ escaped faster than “normal” rats searching for the hidden platform & demonstrated ___ spatial strategy.

A

never, no

50
Q

Hippocampal-lesion rats took ___ and more ___ routes in attempting to find the platforms & were ___ likely to demonstrate goal directional heading orientations.

A

longer, circuitous, less

51
Q

Many researchers CLAIM that damage to the ___ hippocampal formation results in spatial memory impairments; BUT, results from Astur et al (2002) provide evidence that spatial learning and memory impairments occur in ___ hippocampal removal ___ of the side that was removed. Thus, suggesting the role of hippocampi in ___ ___.

A

RIGHT, unilateral, REGARDLESS, spatial navigation

52
Q

Dead reckoning is navigation that depends on…

A

cues generated by an animal’s own movements

53
Q

With dead reckoning, an animal can know… [2 things]

A

how far it traveled, and where it is in relation to its starting point

54
Q

___ cues are cues derived from various ___ ___ which help aid in ___ – since animals clearly do not have mechanical devices to measure time and speed.

A

idiothetic, sensory systems, navigation

55
Q

Head direction cells are in the ___ system, and they indicate ___.

A

limbic, direction

56
Q

Head direction cells help inform the rat about…

A

its location in space

57
Q

Head direction cells fire in response to a particular direction (based on ___ ___).

A

head orientation

58
Q

Head direction cells are responsive to various environmental cues, and orient to ___ and ___ planes.

A

horizontal, vertical

59
Q

Do head direction cells fire when the rat is immobile?

A

yes

60
Q

Do hippocampal place cells fire when the rat is immobile?

A

no

61
Q

Discharge of head direction cells is ___ of environment b/c they’re locked to a network in the limbic system that is ___ ___.

A

independent, constantly active

62
Q

The egocentric ___ ___ system and the allocentric ___ ___ system both project to the hippocampus to mediate spatial behavior.

A

head direction, place cell

63
Q

Place cell system projects from audio/visual/olfactory –> E___ ___ –> S___ –> H___.

A

–> Entorhinal cortex –> Subiculum –> Hippocampus

64
Q

Head direction system projects from vestibular –> lateral M___ –> A___ ___ –> C___ ___ –> P___ –> H___.

A

–> lateral Mamillary –> Anterior thalamus –> Cingulate cortex –> ParaSubiculum –> Hippocampus

65
Q

Place cell system tells rat where…

A

things are in the world

66
Q

Head direction cell system tells rat where…

A

IT is in the world

67
Q

Damage to the ___ and ___ lobes result in spatial ___.

A

parietal, frontal, impairments

68
Q

___ lesions to the ___ cortex result in deficits in visuospatial exploration (e.g., displaced visual attention, inability to perceive more than one stimulus, optic ataxia, inability to follow a moving target, defective accommodation and convergence, inability to maintain fixation, gaze apraxia, abnormal visual search)

A

bilateral, parietal

69
Q

What is optic ataxia?

A

defective visual control of movement

70
Q

What is gaze apraxia?

A

inability to voluntarily direct gaze to targets

71
Q

Balint’s syndrome is a ___ deficit (decreased accuracy w/ ___ and ___ movements.

A

visuospatial, eye and hand

72
Q

In animals, removal of frontal cortex left them chronically ___, and they were unable to ___ ___ even though their ___ cortex was completely intact.

A

blind, spatially navigate, visual

73
Q

Damage to frontal cortex also impairs the ___ process employed in directing ___ to a target.

A

memory, eyes

74
Q

Do males or females perform better on certain spatial ability tasks?

A

males

75
Q

Sex differences in spatial ability could be linked to a recessive gene on the ___ chromosome, or could be ___.

A

X, hormonal

SCAF final (16 decks)

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