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SCAF final > Lecture 7 Spatial Behavior > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Spatial Behavior Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Spatial behavior refers to behaviors that we use to…

A

guide our body parts through space

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2
Q

Processes that contribute to spatial behavior are…

A

sensory perception,
memory,
attention processes,
motor behavior

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3
Q

__ memory: ability to move through space from one place to another (from point A to point B).

A

topographic

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4
Q

Topographic memory involves the recognition that movements occur in relation to __ __ objects.

A

spatially distinct

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5
Q

__ __: mental representations that we make of space

A

cognitive maps

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6
Q

Space is represented in our brains __ __ __ it is represented on a __.

A

the same way,

map

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7
Q

space that is within our reach

A

grasping space

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8
Q

space that our body moves into (future) or out of (past)

A

distal (time)

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9
Q

space where external objects can be localized to body surface

A

body space

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10
Q

a gross inability to navigate around an environment that was once familiar

A

topographic disorientation

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11
Q

Some patients w/ topographic disorientation demonstrate a preserved ability to __ w/ inability to __.

A

describe routes or offer directions,

actually navigate to the location

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12
Q

Some patients w/ topographic disorientation become confused by their inability to identify __ en route.

A

landmarks

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13
Q

Some patients w/ topographic disorientation demonstrate an inability to __ buildings or landmarks that were formerly familiar to them. This is not due to an __.

A

name,

anomia

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14
Q

Topographic agnosia and topographic amnesia are subdivisions of ___ ___.

A

topographic disorientation

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15
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: failure to identify individual landmarks

A

agnosia

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16
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: inability to navigate around familiar and new environments

A

amnesia

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17
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: able to identify and recognize classes/categories of objects, e.g., churches, but unable to recognize being a member of that church

A

agnosia

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18
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: a specific loss of memory for places, familiar or new

A

amnesia

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19
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: unable to remember topographic relations btwn landmarks, but can identify each landmark indivdually

A

amnesia

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20
Q

Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: able to recognize a church as their own church, but not how to get to the church from their current location

A

amnesia

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21
Q

What kind of topographic/spatial amnesia?: unable to navigate in environments familiar to them before injury

A

retrograde

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22
Q

What kind of topographic/spatial amnesia?: unable to navigate in novel environments b/c unable to acquire and retain new information

A

anterograde

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23
Q

Does the right hemisphere play a special role in spatial behavior?

A

Yes, no doubt

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24
Q

Dorsal stream projects to the ___ ___ cortex.

A

posterior parietal

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25
Ventral stream projects to the ___ ___ cortex.
inferior temporal
26
Both dorsal and ventral streams send projections to the ___ cortex, which aids in guiding movements of ___, ___, and ___.
frontal, looking, reaching, and locomotion
27
Dorsal stream = vision for ___
action
28
Ventral stream = vision for ___
recognition
29
Dorsal stream is __-centric (guides unconscious actions w/ respect to objects) (e.g., the whereabouts of the object is not important)
egocentric
30
Ventral stream is __-centric (guides conscious actions w/ respect to objects) (e.g., moving towards a familiar person to talk to them)
allocentric
31
The hippocampus plays a crucial role in ___ new information & ___ that information to the ___ lobes.
encoding, transporting, temporal
32
Results from Maguire et al. (2000) reveal the importance of the ___ ___ in complex spatial abilities. Taxi drivers were asked to recall a complex route btwn 2 points.
right hippocampus
33
Place cells are cells that are maximally responsive to...
specific locations in the world
34
Animal literature suggests that specific activity of place cells seems consistent w/ the idea that the cells are coding an animal's ___ and ___ in space relative to its ___ ___ cues.
location and movement, surrounding environmental cues
35
Tests of spatial navigation of rats include [name 4].
Olton raidal-arm maze, T-maze, Grice box, Morris water task
36
The hippocampus is implicated in spatial ___.
navigation
37
In rats, the hippocampus has ___ cells that fire when rats are placed in certain locations on a testing platform and ___ ___ ___.
place, facing specific directions
38
Findings from hippocampal place cells provide evidence that hippocampus generates ___ ___ of the world, and ___ spatial ___ as a consequence of ___ ___.
cognitive maps, anticipate spatial relations, future movements
39
Hippocampal place cells encode ___, ___, and ___ movements of rats.
location, speed, voluntary
40
Hippocampal place cells ___ their activity in dark & ___ their activity to represent new environments.
maintain, modify
41
If all environmental cues are ___, hippocampal place cells will fire to reflect the new ___ of the cues..
rotated, location
42
Hippocampal place cells will fire when they reach a particular part of the maze (e.g., left vs. right turns) when ___ for ___.
navigating, food
43
Hippocampal place cells seem to prefer visual cues, but may respond to ___, ___, ___ and ___ stimuli.
olfactory, vestibular, tactile and auditory
44
Hippocampal place cells fire in response to specific ___ stimuli (like a cup of water).
adaptive
45
Hippocampal place cells show activity in response to single stimuli as long as it provides ___/___ information.
predictable/consistent
46
Hippocampal place cells show preference to particular ___.
environments
47
Hippocampal place cell activity is linked to the animal's ability to ___ -- if it cannot, the cells ___ firing
move, stop
48
Morris et al (1982), using a reference memory procedure, found that hippocampal lesions cause profound and lasting ___-___ impairment in rats.
place-navigational
49
Hippocampal-lesion rats ___ escaped faster than "normal" rats searching for the hidden platform & demonstrated ___ spatial strategy.
never, no
50
Hippocampal-lesion rats took ___ and more ___ routes in attempting to find the platforms & were ___ likely to demonstrate goal directional heading orientations.
longer, circuitous, less
51
Many researchers CLAIM that damage to the ___ hippocampal formation results in spatial memory impairments; BUT, results from Astur et al (2002) provide evidence that spatial learning and memory impairments occur in ___ hippocampal removal ___ of the side that was removed. Thus, suggesting the role of hippocampi in ___ ___.
RIGHT, unilateral, REGARDLESS, spatial navigation
52
Dead reckoning is navigation that depends on...
cues generated by an animal's own movements
53
With dead reckoning, an animal can know... [2 things]
how far it traveled, and where it is in relation to its starting point
54
___ cues are cues derived from various ___ ___ which help aid in ___ -- since animals clearly do not have mechanical devices to measure time and speed.
idiothetic, sensory systems, navigation
55
Head direction cells are in the ___ system, and they indicate ___.
limbic, direction
56
Head direction cells help inform the rat about...
its location in space
57
Head direction cells fire in response to a particular direction (based on ___ ___).
head orientation
58
Head direction cells are responsive to various environmental cues, and orient to ___ and ___ planes.
horizontal, vertical
59
Do head direction cells fire when the rat is immobile?
yes
60
Do hippocampal place cells fire when the rat is immobile?
no
61
Discharge of head direction cells is ___ of environment b/c they're locked to a network in the limbic system that is ___ ___.
independent, constantly active
62
The egocentric ___ ___ system and the allocentric ___ ___ system both project to the hippocampus to mediate spatial behavior.
head direction, place cell
63
Place cell system projects from audio/visual/olfactory --> E___ ___ --> S___ --> H___.
--> Entorhinal cortex --> Subiculum --> Hippocampus
64
Head direction system projects from vestibular --> lateral M___ --> A___ ___ --> C___ ___ --> P___ --> H___.
--> lateral Mamillary --> Anterior thalamus --> Cingulate cortex --> ParaSubiculum --> Hippocampus
65
Place cell system tells rat where...
things are in the world
66
Head direction cell system tells rat where...
IT is in the world
67
Damage to the ___ and ___ lobes result in spatial ___.
parietal, frontal, impairments
68
___ lesions to the ___ cortex result in deficits in visuospatial exploration (e.g., displaced visual attention, inability to perceive more than one stimulus, optic ataxia, inability to follow a moving target, defective accommodation and convergence, inability to maintain fixation, gaze apraxia, abnormal visual search)
bilateral, parietal
69
What is optic ataxia?
defective visual control of movement
70
What is gaze apraxia?
inability to voluntarily direct gaze to targets
71
Balint's syndrome is a ___ deficit (decreased accuracy w/ ___ and ___ movements.
visuospatial, eye and hand
72
In animals, removal of frontal cortex left them chronically ___, and they were unable to ___ ___ even though their ___ cortex was completely intact.
blind, spatially navigate, visual
73
Damage to frontal cortex also impairs the ___ process employed in directing ___ to a target.
memory, eyes
74
Do males or females perform better on certain spatial ability tasks?
males
75
Sex differences in spatial ability could be linked to a recessive gene on the ___ chromosome, or could be ___.
X, hormonal

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