Lecture 11 Emotions

Question 1

Emotion is typically referred to as an ___ behavioral state called ___.

Answer 1

inferred, affect

Question 2

We can infer someone’s affect based on their ___.

Answer 2

behaviors (what they do and say)

Question 3

Emotions are subjective feelings about various ___ or ___.

Answer 3

stimuli or events

Question 4

Affective behavior is internal and ___.

Answer 4

subjective

Question 5

What are the four components of emotions from a classical perspective?

Answer 5

physiological, motor, self-report, unconscious behavior

Question 6

Emotions include ___ and ___ nervous activity – which results in ___ and ___ changes and activity.

Answer 6

central, autonomic, neurohormonal, visceral

Question 7

Emotions produce changes in ___ rate, ___ pressure, ___, and ___ system.

Answer 7

heart, blood, perspiration, digestive

Question 8

Emotions produce release of ___ that affect the brain and/or autonomic system.

Answer 8

hormones

Question 9

What motor behaviors express emotional states?

Answer 9

facial expression, tone of voice, posture

Question 10

Motor behaviors expressing emotional states are important because they convey overt actions that can differ from observed ____ behavior (i.e., incongruent)

Answer 10

verbal

Question 11

Without ____ information, many text messages are left open to endless interpretations.

Answer 11

motoric

Question 12

____ play a very important role in ____ our emotions.

Answer 12

cognitions, shaping

Question 13

Many cognitive and affective processes are inferred from ____ rankings (such as PANAS).

Answer 13

self-reported

Question 14

Our cognition of emotions is comprised of both ____ emotional feelings (e.g., I feel happy) and ____ processes (memories, plans, ideas) that influence the way we ____.

Answer 14

subjective, cognitive, feel

Question 15

____ processes often influence unconscious behaviors.

Answer 15

cognitive

Question 16

Cognitive processes that influence unconscious behaviors are responsible for altering our behaviors and may include decisions made on the basis of ____, ____, ____.

Answer 16

intuition, “hunch”/”whim”, a craving

Question 17

Psychologists began speculating about emotions in the early 1900s – however, they had LITTLE TO NO KNOWLEDGE about the ____ basis of emotional ____.

Answer 17

neural, behavior

Question 18

By the 1920s, physiologists were investigating the relation between ____, ____, and ____ states, and inferred emotional states.

Answer 18

autonomic, endocrine, neurohormonal

Question 19

Early physiologists looked at heart rate, blood pressure, and ____ ____.

Answer 19

skin temperature

Question 20

Philip Bard revealed that decorticated dogs displayed strong feelings of ____ to seemingly ____ stimuli. Such a response was initated by which brain structure?

Answer 20

rage, trivial, diencephalon

Question 21

The diencephalon includes what structures?

Answer 21

thalamus (right and left) and hypothalamus

Question 22

Hess and Flynn revealed that stimulating different regions of the ____ was responsible for eliciting different “affective responses.”

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

The ____ appeared to play an important role in activating the cortex during autonomic arousal – as a way of helping ____ the emotion to the ____ ____.

Answer 23

thalamus, orient, appropriate stimulus

Question 24

Hess and Flynn’s animal studies were important because they led to the idea that collectively, the ____ and ____ contain the neural circuits responsible for the ____ expression of emotion and the ____ responses to such emotions.

Answer 24

hypothalamus, thalamus, overt, autonomic

Question 25

One aspect of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (KBS) is a ____ of ____.

Answer 25

lack of affect

Question 26

Animals with KBS show ____ fear to threatening stimuli like snakes and threat signals from other humans.

Answer 26

no

Question 27

In monkeys, bilateral ____ ____ lobectomy resulted in tameness, increased sex drive w/ inappropriate objects, loss of fear, indiscriminate diet, increased attention to all visual stimuli (hypermetamorphosis), oral examination of all objects, and visual agnosia.

Answer 27

anterior temporal

Question 28

KBS in humans and monkeys appears to be related to the ____ removal (or damage) of: the ____ AND bilateral inferior ____ cortices.

Answer 28

bilateral, amygdala, inferior temporal

Question 29

Evidence from animal, neuropsychological, and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala plays an important role in the ____ of ____.

Answer 29

recognition of fear

Question 30

Frontal lobe removal had an effect on ____ and possibly ____ in chimpanzees.

Answer 30

learning, emotions

Question 31

Experimental findings in the 1960s revealed that results of ____ lobotomies on humans clearly had severe effects on both ____ and ____ behaviors, as was previously evidenced in rats, cats, and monkeys.

Answer 31

frontal, social, affective

Question 32

____ lobotomy patients became passive and lacked ____.

Answer 32

frontal, motivation

Question 33

Facial expressions appear to be predominantly on the ____ side of the face.

Answer 33

left

Question 34

Asymmetrical facial expressions reveal ____-hemisphere specialization in ____ emotions.

Answer 34

right, producing

Question 35

When people are asked to ____ an emotion, the emotion is seen more on the ____ side of the face.

Answer 35

hide, right

Question 36

In a facial expression discrimination task, asking subjects to correctly identify happy and sad faces, subjects were better at identifying stimuli presented to the ____ hemi space. This means there is a ____-brain hemisphere specialization in perception of facial expression (a/k/a nonverbal communication).

Answer 36

left, right

Question 37

In an auditory study, Dimond and colleagues found that the left ear was more specialized for ____ ____ while the right was more specialized for ____ ____.

Answer 37

emotional tone, identifying content

Question 38

The limbic system encircles the ____ and consists of: the ____ gyrus, the ____ formation, the ___, the ___, and the ____ ___. [hnt; CHATM]; (not on slide, but also includes H__, S__, and F__.)

Answer 38

brainstem, cingulate, hippocampal, mammillary bodies (hypothalamus, septum, fornix)

Question 39

What structure is responsible for ELICITING the affective response?

Answer 39

hypothalamus

Question 40

What two brain structures are said to hold the key to understanding the nature of an emotional experience.

Answer 40

amygdala, PFC

Question 41

Amygdala receives inputs from all sensory systems. In fact, many cells in the amygdala are ____.

Answer 41

multisensory

Question 42

The ____ can create complex images of the sensory world -- especially those that are threatening or fearful.

Answer 42

amygdala

Question 43

____ & paralimbic (amygdala) lesions in monkeys produce changes in many social behaviors, including altering social preference, reducing social ____ and ____, and reducing affect and ____.

Answer 43

PFC, interactions, dominance, vocalization

Question 44

The close anatomical connections btwn the ____ and the ____, and the emotional changes after lesions to these areas, suggest that they belong to a neural circuit ____ emotional behavior.

Answer 44

PFC, amygdala, regulating

Question 45

What are the three theories of emotion relating it to cognition?

Answer 45

Damasio's somatic marker, Le Doux's cognitive-emotional interaction theory, Gainotti's lateralization theory

Question 46

The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio) holds that emotions consist of changes in ____ and ____ states in response to the ____ of a particular event.

Answer 46

body and brain states, evaluation

Question 47

The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio) holds that emotions are fundamental for ____, and that ____ ____ cannot be made without experiencing emotions.

Answer 47

survival, rational decisions

Question 48

The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio) holds that the greater the ____, the lesser the ____ of emotions the person can demonstrate.

Answer 48

damage, range

Question 49

Le Doux's evolutionary theory asserts that emotions ____ to enhance the ____ of an animal.

Answer 49

evolved, survival

Question 50

Le Doux's theory claims that as the brain evolved, cognitive and emotional processes...

Answer 50

grew more and more interrrelated

Question 51

In contrast to Damasio, Le Doux attempts to model ____ ____ (instead of ____ ____).

Answer 51

only fear, all emotions

Question 52

Our fear system includes both unconscious fear ____ and conscious awareness of ____ ____ of fear.

Answer 52

responses, subjective feelings

Question 53

What is the key brain structure in the development of conditioned fear?

Answer 53

amygdala

Question 54

Amygdala subsequently sends outputs to stimulate ____ release and activate ____ nervous system, thereby generating an ____.

Answer 54

hormone, autonomic, emotion

Question 55

Le Doux holds that an important aspect of fear is ____ -- often shaped by ____.

Answer 55

context, learning

Question 56

____ damage would clearly interfere with the development of ____ fear associations (Le Doux).

Answer 56

hippocampal, contextual

Question 57

Gainotti's theory of Cognitive Asymmetry and Emotion holds that emotional systems are ____.

Answer 57

lateralized

Question 58

Left hemisphere lesions result in ____ reactions characterized by fearfulness and ____, and are associated with ____.

Answer 58

catastrophic, depression, aphasia

Question 59

Right hemisphere lesions result in ____, and are associated with ____ ____.

Answer 59

indifference, contralateral neglect

Question 60

Strong emotions (fear and anger) are caused only by the ____ hemisphere.

Answer 60

right

Question 61

The right hemisphere is more engaged in the ____ components of emotion, and the left hemisphere is more engaged in overall ____ ____ of emotion.

Answer 61

automatic, cognitive control

Question 62

The left hemisphere ____ feelings, whereas the right hemisphere ____ them.

Answer 62

interprets, generates

Question 63

Both sides of the brain play ____ roles in emotional behavior, yielding a ____ level of emotional processing (Gainotti).

Answer 63

complementary, conceptual

Question 64

Abnormal emotional behavior results from: inability to ____ and ____ appropriate emotional and social behaviors; and, misinterpretation of social/emotional ____ from others.

Answer 64

produce and express, signals

Question 65

Clinical tests of emotional perception are designed to assess ____ in ____ after ____.

Answer 65

changes, personality, injury

Question 66

Cartoon matching test is a clinical test of ____ perception. It asks the person to choose the appropriate ____ for the blank ____.

Answer 66

emotional, expression, face

Question 67

In monkeys, bilateral ____ ____ lobectomy resulted in... [name 7]

Answer 67

tameness, increased sex drive w/ inappropriate objects, loss of fear, indiscriminate diet, increased attention to all visual stimuli, oral examination of all objects, visual agnosia

Question 68

Experimental psychosurgery findings in the 1960s showed that frontal lobotomies on humans clearly had severe effects on both ___ and ___ behaviors, as in animals. Patients became ___ and lacked ___ (e.g., Jack Nicholson, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest).

Answer 68

social, affective, passive, motivation