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Human Anatomy > Chapter 3: Concepts Of Cellular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Concepts Of Cellular Function Flashcards

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1
Q

List the 9 Cell Shapes

SSSCCPDFF

A 
Squamous 
Stellate 
Spheroidal 
Cuboidal 
Columnar
Polygonal
Discoid 
Fusiform 
Fibrous
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2
Q

Squamous

A

Thin, flat and bulge in the center

Fried Egg

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3
Q

Cuboidal

A

Square, equal height and width

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4
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide

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5
Q

Polygonal

A

Irregular angular shape, multiple sides

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6
Q

Stellate

A

Multiple pointed processes

Star like shape

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7
Q

Spheroidal

A

Round to oval

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8
Q

Discoid

A

Disc shaped

Red blood cells

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9
Q

Fusiform

A

Spindle shaped, thick middle, tapered ends

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10
Q

Fibrous

A

Long, slender, threadlike

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11
Q

(IFC) Cytoplasm

Contains?

A

Fluid between the nucleus and plasma membrane

Contains organelles and cytoskeleton

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12
Q

(EFC) Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid outside of the cell

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13
Q

Plasma Membrane

Made of?

Composition and Function?

A

Surrounds cell and defines boundaries
Governs interactions
Controls the passage

Made of proteins and lipids

Composition and function can vary from one region of the cell to another

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14
Q

Unit Membrane

A

Forms the border of the cell or any of its organelles

Looks like a pair of dark parallel lines around the cell

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15
Q

3 Membrane Lipids

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids

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16
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • Amphiphilic molecules arranged in a bilayer
  • Hydrophilic heads face water on Membrane
  • Hydrophobic tail directed towards the center, avoiding water
  • Drift laterally
  • Movement keeps Membrane fluid
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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

20% of Membrane Lipids

Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen Membrane

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18
Q

Glycolipids

A

5% of the Membrane Lipids

Phospholipids with short carbohydrates chains on extracellular face

Contributes to GLYCOCALYX

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19
Q

Intracellular Face

A

Faces cytoplasm

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20
Q

Extracellular face

A

Faces outwards

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21
Q

Integral Protein

A

Penetrates the phospholipid bilayer

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22
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Adhere to one face of the Membrane

Usually tethered to the cytoplasm

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23
Q

Transmembrane Protein

A

Integral proteins-pass through the cell

Hydrophilic regions in contact with cytoplasm and Extracellular fluids

Hydrophobic regions that pass through lipid of Membrane

Most are glycoproteins

Drift freely in phospholipids or anchor to cytoskeleton

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24
Q

6 Proteins by Function

REIGCC

A 
Receptor 
Enzyme 
Ion Channel 
Gated Ion Channel 
Cell-Identity Marker 
Cell-Adhesion
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25
Receptor
binds to chemical messengers from other cells * hormones * neurotransmitters Communication via chemical signals
26
Enzyme
Breakdown chemical messages and terminate their effects
27
Ion Channel
Channel of protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass into and out of the cell
28
Gated Ion Channel
A gated channel that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times
29
Cell-Identity Marker
Glycoprotein acting as a cell-identity marker distinguishing the body's own cells from foreign invaders cells
30
Cell-Adhesion
Molecule(CAM) binds cells to each other and Extracellular material Cells do not survive unless linked to Extracellular material
31
Glycocalyx
Unique fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane * animal cells * Carbs- glycolipids, glycoproteins * Identity tags
32
7 Functions of Glycocalyx PDF ICET
Protection (cushion plasma membrane) Defense Against Cancer (immune defense) Fertilization (allows sperm to identify egg) Immunity to infection (recognition of health cells) Cell Adhesion Embryonic Development (guide embryonic cells) Transplant Compatibility
33
Microvilli
Extension of the Membrane * Increase cells surface * 15-40 times more absorption Can be dense and spear as fringe Tugged and"milked" from protein in the cytoplasm
34
Non-Motile Cilla
Hair- like about 7-10 um long Every human cell has at least one Serve sensory functions monitoring nearby conditions
35
Motile Cilia
Less widespread * respiratory track, uterine tubes, cavities of brain and testes 50-200 on a cell Beat in waves-same direction- to propel materials Beat in saline layer below mucus
36
Flagella
Tail of sperm- only functional flagellum Whip-like structure with structure identical to cilium * much longer than cilium Movement is snakelike
37
Active Transport
Consume ATP include active and vesicular transports
38
Passive Transport
Requires no energy(ATP) from the cell Random molecular motion of particles ex: filtration, diffusion, osmosis
39
Filtration Passive or Active? Carrier?
Physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane Passive ex: Coffee filter Biological ex: filtration of waste from the blood in the kidneys while holding back blood cells and proteins
40
Diffusion Passive or Active? Carrier?
Net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration- result of constant spontaneous motion Passive
41
Osmosis Passive or Active? Carrier?
Net flow of water from one side(high concentration) of a selectively permeable membrane to the other side (low concentration) Passive
42
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Carrier binds to solutes that transport them to the other side of the membrane * Can occur in and our of cell or organelle
43
Facilitated Diffusion Passive or Active? Carrier?
Carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient No ATP required= Passive
44
Primary Active Transport Passive or Active? Carrier?
carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient Uses ATP= Active
45
Secondary Active Transport Passive or Active? Carrier?
Same as active but only depends indirectly on ATP | * hitches a ride on already active systems
46
Vesicular Transport Passive or Active? Carrier? Two types?
Movement of large particles , droplets of water or numerous molecules through the membrane via bubble like vesicles Active * endocytosis * exocytosis
47
Exocytosis Passive or Active? Carrier?
Process of discharging material from a cell used to replace membrane
48
5 factors affecting diffusion TSMMM
``` Temperature Steepness of Concentration Gradient Molecular weight Membrane Surface Area Membrane Permeability ```
49
Tonicity 3 types?
ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in the cell * depends on concentration and permeability of solute 3 types * Hypotonic * Hypertonic * Isotonic
50
Hypotonic Effect on the cell?
Solution has lower concentration of non-permeating solutes then the ICF Effect: causes cell to absorb water and swell
51
Hypertonic Effect on the cell?
Solution has a higher concentration of non- permeating solutes than the ICF Effect: Causes cells to lose water and shrink
52
Isotonic Effect on the cell?
Equal concentrating of non- permeating solutes Effect: Causes no change in cells (ex: normal saline)
53
3 Types of Carriers USA
Uniports Symports Antiports
54
Uniports
Carry only one type of solute
55
Symports
Carry two or more solutes through the membrane at the same time in the same direction
56
Antiports
Carry two or more solutes through the membrane at the same time in DIFFERENT directions
57
4 Functions of Sodium- Potassium Pump MSHR
Maintenance of Membrane Potential Secondary Active Transport Heat Production Regulation of Cell Volume
58
2 Types of Vesicular Transport
Endocytosis | Exocytosis
59
Endocytosis
Bringing materials into the cell
60
Exocytosis
Bringing materials out of the cell
61
Cytoskeleton Determines? Composed of?
structure and support the cell Determine shape, organization,direction of material movement, and cell movement Composed of: microfilaments, intermediate fibers, and microtubules
62
Microfilaments
6nm thick made of protein actin Form terminal web supportive cores of microvilli
63
Intermediate Fibers
8-10 nm thick Give cell shape, resists stress, junctions with other cells
64
Microtubules
* 25 nm thick * Radiate from centrosome, hold organelles in place, maintain cell shape, "Rail Road Tracks" * Form Cilia and flagella base * Beating movement * NOT permanent (created and destroyed as needed)
65
6 Membranous Organelles MLGPEN
``` Mitochondria Lysosomes Golgi Complex Peroxisomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus ```
66
4 Non-Membranous Organelles CCRB
Centrioles Centrosomes Ribosomes Basal Bodies
67
Nucleus
* Largest organelle * 1 per cell * Contains cell chromosomes * genetic CONTROL CENTER * Enclosed by nuclear envelope
68
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Functions: FDCM Types?
* Interconnected Channels- CISTERNAE Functions: * Synthesizes proteins and steroids * Detoxifies alcohol and drugs * Manufactures all membranes of the cell * Calcium storage Smooth and Rough
69
Ribosomes Function?
Small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleus, cytosol, and on the rough ER Function: read coded genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins
70
Golgi Complex Functions?
Small system of flattened and curved cisternae *stack of pita bread Functions: * Synthesizes carbohydrates * Puts finishing touches on proteins
71
Lysosomes Functions?
Package of enzymes bound by unit membrane * Round or oval * produced by golgi complex Functions: * Hydrolyze substances * Digest and dispose of organelles * Aide in cell suicide(autolysis)
72
Peroxisomes Functions?
Resemble Lysosome- different enzymes Produced my rough ER Abundant in kidney and liver Functions: *Use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules
73
Mitochondria Function?
Power house of the cell lot of inter folds- maze like- ovoid shape Function: synthesizes ATP
74
Centrioles Function?
cylinder assembly of microtubules ALWAYS 2 lying perpendicular- forms centrosome Base of cilia and flagellum Function: role in cell division
75
Inclusions 2 types?
Never enclose in a unit membrane Not essential for cell survival Types: * Stored Cellular Products * Foreign Bodies
76
Stored Cellular Products
Glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets
77
Foreign Bodies
viruses, intercellular bacteria, dust particles

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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