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Human Anatomy > Chapter 5: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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2
Q

4 Tissue Classes

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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3
Q

Matrix

A

Extracellular material that surrounds the cell

  • Composed of fibrous proteins and a clear gel
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4
Q

3 Primary Germ Layers

A

Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm

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5
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost layer that gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts, glands, etc.

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6
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Gives rise to cartilage, bone and blood

*Middle layer that turns into gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme

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8
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Closely ad hearing cells, one or more thick

Cover bodies surface, and line body cavities

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9
Q

6 Functions of Epithelial Tissue

PASSEF

A 
Protection 
Absorption 
Sensation 
Secretion 
Excretion 
Filtration
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10
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial

A

Cells very close, matrix is barely visible

Closest to connective tissue= hight mitosis rate

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11
Q

Basement Layer(Basil Laming)

A

Between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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12
Q

Avascular

A

No room in between cells for blood vessels

*epithelial

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13
Q

Basal Surface

A

Faces Basement Membrane

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14
Q

Apical Surface

A

Faces away from Basement Membrane, towards internal cavities

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15
Q

Simple Epithelial Vs Stratified Epithelial

A

Simple: 1 cell layer- pseudostratified columnar

Stratified: 2-20 + cell layer, deepest layer-attached to Basement Mem , transitional epithelium

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16
Q

Keratinized vs Non-Keratinized Squamous

A

Keratinized: covered in dead cell layer, packed with keratin-dry, reject water loss from body, resist disease

Non: resists abrasion, resists pathogenic organisms- moist, slippery EX: tongue, vag

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17
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Most abundant, widely distributed, and variable

Cells occupy less space then matrix

Cells NOT in direct contact

*fibrous, adipose, supportive, fluid

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18
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

SSHTIPBM

A 
Support 
Storage 
Heat Production 
Transport 
Immune Protection 
Physical Protection 
Binding of Organs 
Movement
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19
Q

White Fat

A

Thin margins W/ very little cytoplasm

Most abundant- women have more fat

Provides

  • thermal installation
  • anchor + cushion organs
  • body contours

On slide=chicken wire

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20
Q

Brown Fat

A

Unusual abundance of blood vessels

6% of infant body weight

Heat generating tissue

  • No ATP synthesis
  • oxidize Fat and release energy/heat
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21
Q

Ground Substances

A

Unstructured, gel-like material that fills the space between cells and connective tissue fibers.

*Contains interstitial fluids, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans

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22
Q

Formed Elements

3 types

A

Blood plasma and its cellular components

Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Platelets

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23
Q

Erythrocytes(RBCs)

A

Most abundant- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

Leukocytes(WBCs)

A

Defense against infection

Larger than erythrocytes

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25
Platelets
Small cell fragments scattered among blood cells Clotting and secreting growth factors for blood vessel growth/ maintenance
26
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Muscle fibers(threadlike cells) attached to bone- contain multiple nuclei attached to plasma mem *Striated and Voluntary Function: movement, breathing, swallowing, urination
27
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
HEART ONLY Short cells joined by discs(not fibers) W/ one nucleus Allow rapid flow of excitation, pumps blood *Striated + involuntary
28
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Short fusiform shaped cells W/ one nucleus in walls of viscera Make up "visceral muscle", controls blood pressure flow *lacks striations and involuntary
29
Tight Junction
Cells are linked by cell adhesion proteins in the plasma membranes Found in epithelial cells
30
Gap Junctions
Formed by a connexon Small solutes can pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another Allows electrical excitation to pass
31
Desmosomes
Patch that holds cells together Do not prevent substances from passing, but stop cells from pulling apart
32
Secretion
Useful in the body
33
Excretion
Waste product
34
4 Types Gland Secretion
Serous Mucous Mixed Cytogenic
35
Serous Secretion
Thin, watery fluid
36
Mucous
Secrete glycoprotein mucin
37
Mixed Secretion
Mix of serous and mucous
38
Cytogenic
Release whole cells
39
3 Modes of Secretion
Holocrine Apocrine Merocrine
40
Holocrine
Accumulate product then the entire cell disintegrates
41
Apocrine
Lipid droplet covered by membrane buds from the cell surface
42
Merocrine
Vesicles release secretion by exocytosis
43
3 Type Body Membranes
Cutaneous Membrane Mucous Membrane Serous Membrane
44
Cutaneous Membrane
Largest in the body *Skin
45
Mucous Membrane
Lines passage that are open to the environment
46
Serous Membrane
Produce serous fluid Line inside of body cavities
47
3 Types of Tissue Growth
Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Neoplasia
48
Hyperplasia
Embryonic and childhood growth Growth through cell multiplication INCREASE NUMBERS
49
Hypertrophy
Skeletal muscles and adipose tissue Increase in preexisting INCREASE SIZE
50
Neoplasia
Development of a tumor
51
2 Types of Tissue Development
Differentiation | Metaplasia
52
Differentiation
Development of a more specialization from and function by unspecialized tissue Development of a cell
53
Metaplasia
Changing from one type of tissue to another
54
2 Types of Tissue Repair
Regeneration | Fibrosis
55
Regeneration
Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells
56
Fibrosis
Replacement of damaged tissue with scars tissue
57
2 Types of Tissue Death
Atrophy | Apoptosis
58
Atrophy
Shrinkage of tissue through loss of cell size or number
59
Apoptosis
Normal death of cell that have completed their function
60
Dry Gangrene
Common complication of diabetes
61
Wet Gangrene
Liquefaction of internal organs with infection
62
Gas Gangrene
Usually from infection of soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues
63
Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore/ pressure sore)
Form of dry gangrene where continual pressure on skin of immobilized patient cuts off blood supply
64
Infarction
Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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