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Human Anatomy > Chapter 5: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

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2
Q

4 Tissue Classes

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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3
Q

Matrix

A

Extracellular material that surrounds the cell

  • Composed of fibrous proteins and a clear gel
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4
Q

3 Primary Germ Layers

A

Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm

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5
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost layer that gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts, glands, etc.

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6
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Gives rise to cartilage, bone and blood

*Middle layer that turns into gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme

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8
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Closely ad hearing cells, one or more thick

Cover bodies surface, and line body cavities

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9
Q

6 Functions of Epithelial Tissue

PASSEF

A 
Protection 
Absorption 
Sensation 
Secretion 
Excretion 
Filtration
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10
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial

A

Cells very close, matrix is barely visible

Closest to connective tissue= hight mitosis rate

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11
Q

Basement Layer(Basil Laming)

A

Between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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12
Q

Avascular

A

No room in between cells for blood vessels

*epithelial

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13
Q

Basal Surface

A

Faces Basement Membrane

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14
Q

Apical Surface

A

Faces away from Basement Membrane, towards internal cavities

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15
Q

Simple Epithelial Vs Stratified Epithelial

A

Simple: 1 cell layer- pseudostratified columnar

Stratified: 2-20 + cell layer, deepest layer-attached to Basement Mem , transitional epithelium

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16
Q

Keratinized vs Non-Keratinized Squamous

A

Keratinized: covered in dead cell layer, packed with keratin-dry, reject water loss from body, resist disease

Non: resists abrasion, resists pathogenic organisms- moist, slippery EX: tongue, vag

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17
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Most abundant, widely distributed, and variable

Cells occupy less space then matrix

Cells NOT in direct contact

*fibrous, adipose, supportive, fluid

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18
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue

SSHTIPBM

A 
Support 
Storage 
Heat Production 
Transport 
Immune Protection 
Physical Protection 
Binding of Organs 
Movement
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19
Q

White Fat

A

Thin margins W/ very little cytoplasm

Most abundant- women have more fat

Provides

  • thermal installation
  • anchor + cushion organs
  • body contours

On slide=chicken wire

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20
Q

Brown Fat

A

Unusual abundance of blood vessels

6% of infant body weight

Heat generating tissue

  • No ATP synthesis
  • oxidize Fat and release energy/heat
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21
Q

Ground Substances

A

Unstructured, gel-like material that fills the space between cells and connective tissue fibers.

*Contains interstitial fluids, cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans

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22
Q

Formed Elements

3 types

A

Blood plasma and its cellular components

Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Platelets

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23
Q

Erythrocytes(RBCs)

A

Most abundant- transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

Leukocytes(WBCs)

A

Defense against infection

Larger than erythrocytes

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25
Q

Platelets

A

Small cell fragments scattered among blood cells

Clotting and secreting growth factors for blood vessel growth/ maintenance

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26
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Muscle fibers(threadlike cells) attached to bone- contain multiple nuclei attached to plasma mem

*Striated and Voluntary

Function: movement, breathing, swallowing, urination

27
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

HEART ONLY

Short cells joined by discs(not fibers) W/ one nucleus

Allow rapid flow of excitation, pumps blood

*Striated + involuntary

28
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Short fusiform shaped cells W/ one nucleus in walls of viscera

Make up “visceral muscle”, controls blood pressure flow

*lacks striations and involuntary

29
Q

Tight Junction

A

Cells are linked by cell adhesion proteins in the plasma membranes

Found in epithelial cells

30
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Formed by a connexon

Small solutes can pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another

Allows electrical excitation to pass

31
Q

Desmosomes

A

Patch that holds cells together

Do not prevent substances from passing, but stop cells from pulling apart

32
Q

Secretion

A

Useful in the body

33
Q

Excretion

A

Waste product

34
Q

4 Types Gland Secretion

A

Serous
Mucous
Mixed
Cytogenic

35
Q

Serous Secretion

A

Thin, watery fluid

36
Q

Mucous

A

Secrete glycoprotein mucin

37
Q

Mixed Secretion

A

Mix of serous and mucous

38
Q

Cytogenic

A

Release whole cells

39
Q

3 Modes of Secretion

A

Holocrine
Apocrine
Merocrine

40
Q

Holocrine

A

Accumulate product then the entire cell disintegrates

41
Q

Apocrine

A

Lipid droplet covered by membrane buds from the cell surface

42
Q

Merocrine

A

Vesicles release secretion by exocytosis

43
Q

3 Type Body Membranes

A

Cutaneous Membrane
Mucous Membrane
Serous Membrane

44
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Largest in the body

*Skin

45
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Lines passage that are open to the environment

46
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Produce serous fluid

Line inside of body cavities

47
Q

3 Types of Tissue Growth

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Neoplasia

48
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Embryonic and childhood growth

Growth through cell multiplication

INCREASE NUMBERS

49
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscles and adipose tissue

Increase in preexisting

INCREASE SIZE

50
Q

Neoplasia

A

Development of a tumor

51
Q

2 Types of Tissue Development

A

Differentiation

Metaplasia

52
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of a more specialization from and function by unspecialized tissue

Development of a cell

53
Q

Metaplasia

A

Changing from one type of tissue to another

54
Q

2 Types of Tissue Repair

A

Regeneration

Fibrosis

55
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells

56
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of damaged tissue with scars tissue

57
Q

2 Types of Tissue Death

A

Atrophy

Apoptosis

58
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinkage of tissue through loss of cell size or number

59
Q

Apoptosis

A

Normal death of cell that have completed their function

60
Q

Dry Gangrene

A

Common complication of diabetes

61
Q

Wet Gangrene

A

Liquefaction of internal organs with infection

62
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

Usually from infection of soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues

63
Q

Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore/ pressure sore)

A

Form of dry gangrene where continual pressure on skin of immobilized patient cuts off blood supply

64
Q

Infarction

A

Sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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