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Human Anatomy > Chapter Two: The Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter Two: The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Chemistry

A

Study of all molecules

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2
Q

Biochemistry

A

Study of all molecules that compose living organisms

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3
Q

Element

A

Simplest form of matter to have a unique chemical property

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4
Q

6 main elements found in the body

A 
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Carbon 
Calcium 
Nitrogen
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5
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic elements that are extracted from soil by plants and passes up the food chain to humans

  • 4% of body weight
  • significant contribution to body structure
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6
Q

Electrolytes

A

Mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function

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7
Q

Isotope

A

Varieties of an element that differ from one another only in the number of neutrons

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8
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Unstable isotopes that decay and give off radiation

Every element has at least one

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9
Q

Radioactivity

A

Process of decay

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10
Q

Physical Half-Life…or radioisotopes

A

Time needed for 50% to decay into a stable state

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11
Q

Biological Half-Life…of a radioisotope

A

Time required for 50% to disappear from the body

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12
Q

Ion

A

Charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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13
Q

Ionization

A

The transfer of electrons from one atom to another

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14
Q

Cation

A

Particles that lose electrons

POSITIVE CHARGE

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15
Q

Anion

A

Particles that gain an electron

NEGATIVE CHARGE

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16
Q

3 Important Characteristics of Electrolytes

A
  1. Chemical reactivity
  2. Osmotic effects(influence water movement)
  3. Electrical effects on nerve and muscular tissue
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17
Q

Free Radical

A

Short lived particles

odd number of electrons

Produced by normal metabolic reactions of the body, radiation, and by chemicals

Trigger reactions that destroy molecules

Cause tissue damage, aging, cancer, and heart problems

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18
Q

Antioxidants

A

Chemical that neutralizes free radicals

Created by the body and obtained in diet

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19
Q

Molecules

A

Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

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20
Q

Compound

A

Molecules composed of two or more elements

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21
Q

Isomers

A

Identical molecular formula

different arrangement of atoms

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22
Q

What are the four types of chemical bonds

A

Covalent
Hydrogen
Ionic
Van def Walls force

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23
Q

Ionic bond

A

Attraction of a cation to an anion

Weak

Disassociates in water

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24
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak attraction of slightly positive hydrogen in one molecule to an oxygen or nitrogen in another

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25
Van der Walls Forces
Weak, brief attraction between neutral atoms Weakest of all bonds
26
Single Covalent Bond
Sharing 1 electron
27
Double Covalent Bond
Share 2 electrons
28
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei Strongest bond
29
Polar Covalent Bond
Electrons more attracted to one nucleus over the other
30
Mixture
substances are physically blended not chemically combined (each substance keeps its own chemical properties
31
5 Properties of Water
``` Thermal stability Adhesion Cohesion Chemical reactivity Solvency ```
32
3 Important Structural Aspects of Water
1. Atoms are joined by polar Covalent bonds 2. Molecule is V shaped with a 105 angle 3. Individual water molecules joined by hydrogen but bonds
33
Solvency
Ability to dissolve other chemicals Water="UNIVERSAL SOLVENT"
34
Hydrophilic
Dissolve in water
35
Hydrophobic
Do not dissolve in water
36
Adhesion
Tendency of one substance to cling to another
37
Cohesion
Tendency of like molecules to cling to each other
38
Solute
Substance being dissolved
39
Solvent
Substance doing the dissolving
40
3 types of mixtures
Solutions Colloids Suspensions
41
Solutions Properties?
Consists of solute and solvent Properties * solute particles are so small(less that 1nm) that the solute and solvent cannot be visually distinguished from each other * transparent- do NOT scatter light * will pass through most membrane * particles will stay mixed
42
Colloids Properties?
In body generally a mix of protein and water Properties * solute particles range from 1 to 100nm * scatter light-cloudy * particles can NOT pass through most selectively permeable membranes * particles will stay mixed
43
Suspensions Properties?
Blood is most common suspension in the body Properties * solute particles are above 100nm * generally cloudy or opaque * particles can NOT pass through and selectively permeable membrane * particles will separate
44
Acid
And proton donor release H+
45
Base
Any proton acceptor Accepts H+
46
pH
Negative logarithm of H+ molarity 0-14 Lower the pH the more hydrogen ions the solution has= more acidic
47
Kinetic Energy Example? Types?
Energy in motion, energy doing work Example: Water being released from a dam Types: Heat: energy of molecular motion Electromagnetic energy: energy of moving packets of radiation called photons
48
Potential Energy Example? Types?
Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time Example: water behind a dam Types: Chemical Energy: stored in molecular bonds Free Energy: available in a system to do useful work
49
Chemical Reaction
Process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
50
3 Types of Chemical Reactions DES
Decomposition Synthesis Exchange Reactions
51
Decomposition Reaction
Large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones AB---> A+B
52
Synthesis Reaction
Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one A+B--->AB
53
Exchange Reaction
Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms AB+CD--->ABCD--->AC+BD
54
3 Things that Effect Reaction Rates
1. Reactants are more concentrated 2. The temperature rises 3. Catalysts are present
55
Catalysts
temporarily binds to reactants, hold them in orientations that facilitate the reaction Speeds up reactions without changing itself
56
Catabolism
Energy releasing decomposition reactions * breaks covalent bonds * produces smaller molecules
57
Anabolism
Energy storing synthesis reactions * production of proteins and fats * driven by energy from catabolism
58
Oxidation & Oxidizing Agent
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy Agent: the electron accepting molecule * oxygen is a common electron acceptor
59
Reduction & Reducing Agent
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy Agent: electrons donating molecule
60
4 Carbon Compounds found in Body
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acid
61
Macromolecules
Very large organic molecule
62
Polymer
Macromolecule made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunit called monomers
63
Hydrolysis
Digestion Breaks covalent bond that links monomers Splitting polymer by adding water
64
Dehydration Synthesis
How living cells form polymers Takes water away to link monomers
65
3 Disaccharides
Sucrose Lactose Maltose
66
3 Monosaccharides
Glucose Fructose Galactose
67
3 polysaccharides Define each
Glycogen: energy storage in animals * only polysaccharide found in human tissue * made by liver after a meal Starch: energy storage in plants *significant digestible in human diet Cellulose: structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell wall of plants
68
5 Primary Lipids STEP F
``` Steroids Triglycerides Eicosanoids Phospholipids Fatty acids ```
69
Peptide Bond
Joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next
70
Denaturation
Extreme conformational change that destroys function
71
7 Functions of Protein CCCSMRM
``` Communication Cell adhesion Catalyst Structure Movement Recognition and Protection Membrane Transport ```
72
Enzyme
Proteins that function as biological catalysts * enable biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temp * can be altered by temp, pH
73
Substrate
Substance an enzyme acts upon
74
Cofactor
A non protein partner needed for the reaction * essential to function * bind to enzyme to take the proper "lock" formation
75
Coenzyme
A cofactor that is organic

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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