Chapter 3 Primary Words Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
Ossification
A
Membranes and cartilage turn into bone, forms bones, 3 months old
2
Q
Periosteum
(pher-ee-OSS-tee-um)
A
Tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
Peri means surrounding, -oste means bone
3
Q
Compact Bone
Cortical Bone
A
Dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective layer of bones
4
Q
Spongy Bone
Cancellous Bone
A
Porous, lighter and weaker than compact bone
5
Q
Medullary Cavity
A
Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact bone
6
Q
Endosteum
A
Tissue that lines the medullary cavity
End means within, oste means bone, -um is a noun ending
7
Q
Hematopoietic
A
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells
8
Q
Red Bone Marrow
A
Hematopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
9
Q
Yellow Bone Marrow
A
Fat storage area
10
Q
Cartilage
A
Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber
11
Q
Articular Cartilage
A
Covers the surface of bones where they come together, to form joints
12
Q
Meniscus
A
Curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints like the knee
13
Q
Diaphysis
A
The shaft of a long bone
14
Q
Epiphyses
(ep-PIF-ih-seez)
A
Wider ends of long bones like the femurs of the leg
15
Q
Foramen
A
An opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
16
Q
Process
A
Normal projection on the surface of the bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
17
Q
Joints
Articulations
A
Place of union between two or more bones
18
Q
Fibrous Joints
A
Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds bones tightly together
19
Q
Fontanelles
Soft spots
A
Normally present on skulls of newborns, felible, soft spots so they can be birthed
20
Q
Cartilaginous Joints
A
Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
21
Q
Pubic Symphysis
A
Allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
22
Q
Synovial Joint
A
Created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
23
Q
Ball and socket Joints
A
Hips or shoulders, allow wide range of motion
24
Q
Hinge Joints
A
Knees or elbows, allow movement in primarily one direction or plane
25
Synovial Capsule
Outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
26
Synovial Membrane
Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
27
Synovial Fluid
Flows within the synovial cavity, acts as lubricant to make smooth movements
28
Ligament
Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or joining bone to cartilage
29
Bursa
Fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
| Shoulder, elbow, knee
30
Axial Skeleton
Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
31
Appendicular Skeleton
Makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
| **Appendicular** means refering to appendage
32
Skull
Consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 boness in the middle ear
33
Cranium
Portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
| **Crani** means skull, **um** is a noun ending
34
Frontal Bone
Anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead, hoses the frontal sinuses and roof of the ethmoid sinuses, nose, and eye sockets
35
Parietal Bones
Two of the largest bones of the skull
36
Occipital Bone
Forms the back art of the skull and base of the cranium
37
Temporal Bones
Form the sides and base of the cranium
38
External Auditory Meatus
Opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
| **Meatus** is the external opening of a canal
39
Sphenoid
Irregular wedge shaped bone at the base of the skull
40
Ethmoid Bone
Light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
41
Auditory Ossicles
Three tiny bones located in each middle ear
42
Nasal Bones
Form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
43
Zygomatic Bones
Cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
44
Maxillary Bones
Form most of the upper jaw
45
Palatine Bones
Form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
46
47
Lacrimal Bones
Make up part of the orbit (eye socket) at the inner angle
48
Inferior Conchae
Thin, scroll like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
49
Vomer Bone
Forms the base for the nasal spetum
50
Mandible
Jawbone, only movable bone of the skull
51
Temporomandibular Joint
TMJ
52
Thoracic Cavity
Rib cage, bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
53
Ribs
| *Costals*
First seven are *true ribs*, Next 3 are* false ribs*, Last two are *floating ribs*
| **Cost** means rib, -**al** means pertaining to
54
Sternum
| *Breast Bone*
Flat, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
55
Manubrium
Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
56
Gladiolus
| Body of the sternum
Bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
57
Xiphoid Process
Structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
58
Pectoral Girdle
| *Shoulder Girdle*
Supports the arms and hands
59
Clavicle
| *Collarbone*
Slender bone that conects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
60
Scapula
Known as the shoulder blade
61
Acromion
Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
62
Humerus
Bone of the upper arm
63
Radius
Smaller and shorter bone in the forearm
64
Ulna
Larger and longer bone of the forearm
65
Olecranon
| *Funny Bone*
Large, proximal tip of the ulna, forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve
66
Carpals
Bones that form the wrists
67
Metacarpals
Five bones that form the palms of the hand
68
Phalanges
14 bones of the fingers
69
Spinal Column
| *Vertebral Column*
Protects the spinal cord and suports the head and body
70
Lamina
Posterior portion of the vertebra
71
Intervertebral Disks
Made of cartilage and pads of tissue, separate and cushion the vertebra from each other
72
Cervical Vertebrae
First set of seven vertebrae, from the neck
| **C1** through **C7**
73
Thoracic Vertebrae
Second set of 12 vertebrae, has a pair of ribs attached to it
| **T1** through **T12**
74
Lumbar Vertebrae
Third set of 5 vertebrae and together form the inward curve of the lower spine
| **L1** through **L5**
75
Sacrum
Slightly curved, triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the base of the spine
76
Coccyx
*Tailbone*, forms the end of the spine
77
Pelvis
Protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
78
Ilium
Broad, blade shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
79
Sacroiliac
Slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
| **Sacr/o** means sacrum, **ili** means ilium, **ac** means pertaining to
80
Ischium
Forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears body weight while sitting
81
Pubis
Forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone
82
Pubic Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bone
83
Acetabulum
*Hip socket*, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to hip joint
84
Femur
Largest bones in body, *thigh bones*
85
Patella
*Kneecap*, bony anterior part of the knee
86
Popliteal
Describes the posterior space behind the knee
87
Cruciate Ligaments
Make possible the movements of the knee, tear is called ACL injury
88
Tibia
*Shinbone*, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
89
Fibula
Smaller of two bones in the lower leg
90
Ankles
Joints that connect the lower leg and foot
91
Tarsal
7 short bones in the ankle
92
Malleolus
Rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of the ankle joint
93
Talus
Ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
94
Calcaneus
*Heel Bone*, largest of the tarsal bones
95
Metatarsals
Form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached
96
Chiropractor
Specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders and orginating from misalignment of the spine
97
Orthopedic Surgeon
Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
98
Osteopath
Treating health problems by spinal manipulation
| **Oste/o** means bone, -**path** means disease
99
Podiatrist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
| **Pod** means foot, -**iatrist** means specialist
100
Rheumatologist
Specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and other disorders
101
Ankylosis
Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
| **Ankyl** means crooked, bent, or stiff, **osis** means abnormal disease
102
Adhesive Capsulitis
*Frozen Shoulder*, painful anklyosis of the shoulder
| **Capsul** means little box, **itis** means inflammation
103
Arthrosclerosis
Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
104
Baker's Cyst
*Popliteal Cyst*, fluid filled sac behind the knee
105
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
| **Burs** means bursa, -**itis** means inflammation
106
Chondromalacia
Abnormal softening of cartilage
107
Costochondritis
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
108
Hallux Valgus
*Bunion*, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of big toe
109
Hemarthrosis
Blood within a joint
| **Hem** means blood, **arthr** means joint, **osis** means abnormal
110
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and upper arms
111
Synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane
| **Synov** means synovial membrane, **itis** means inflammation
112
Dislocation
*Luxation*, total displacement of a bone from its joint
113
Subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone from its joint
114
Arthritis
Inflammatory condition of one or more joints
| **Arthr** means joint, -**itis** means inflammation
115
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Most commonly associated with aging
| **Oste/o** means bone, **arthr** means joint,**itis** means inflammation
116
Osteophytes
Bone spurs, cause pain or restrict movement in a joint
117
Spondylosis
| *Spinal Osteoarthritis*
Degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
| **Spondyl** means vertebrae, -**osis** means abnormal condition
118
Gout
Inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints
119
Rheumatoid Arthritis (**RA**)
Chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
120
Ankylosing Spondylitis (**AS**)
Type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
| **Spondyl** means vertebrae, **itis** means inflammation
121
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
(**JIA**)
Autoimmune disorder that affects children 16 or younger
122
Psoriatic Arthritis
Inflammatory form of arthritis developed by about 20% of people with psoriasis
123
Herniated Disk
Breaking apart of an intervertebral disk resulting in a bulge that can put pressure on spinal nerve roots
124
Lumbago
General term for pain in the lumbar reigon of the spine
| **Lumb** means lumbar, **ago** means diseased condition
125
Spondylolisthesis
The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
| **Spondyl** means vertebrae, **listhesis** means slipping
126
Spina Bifida
Congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord in order to protect it
127
Kyphosis
Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
| **Kyph** means hump, **osis** means abnormal condition
128
Lordosis
Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
| **Lord** means bent backward, -**osis** means abnormal condition
129
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
| **Scoli** means curved, **osis** means abnormal condition
130
Avascular Necrosis
| *Osteonecrosis*
Area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, often to the hip
131
Osteitis
Inflammation of a bone
| **Oste** means bone, **itis** means inflammation
132
Osteomalacia
Abnormal softening of bones in adults
| **Oste/o** means bones, **malacia** means abnormal softening
133
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
| **Oste/o** means bone, **myel** means bone marrow,
## Footnote
**itis** means inflammation
134
Paget's Disease
Chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget, abnormal breakdown of bones
135
Periositis
Inflammation of the periosteum
| **Peri** means surrounding, **ost** means bone,
## Footnote
**itis** means inflammation
136
Radiculopathy
Condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine
137
Rickets
Deficiency disease occuring in children
138
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spaces within the spine
139
Short Sature
Condition resulting from the failure of the bones to the limbs to grow an apporpriate length
140
Clubfoot
Describes any congenital defromity of the foot involving the talus
141
Primary Bone Cancer
Rare malignant that orginates in a bone
142
Secondary Bone Cancer
Occur when cancer cells metastasize (Spread) to the bones from other areas
143
Multiple Myeloma
Type of cancer that occurs in blood making pasma cells found in the red bone marrow
144
Osteochondroma
Benign bony projection covered with cartilage
145
Osteoporosis
Marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity, associated with aging
146
Osteopenia
Thinner than average bone density
| **Oste/o** means bone, **penia** means defeciency
147
Compression Fracture
Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
148
Colles Fracture
*Broken wrist* occurs at lower end of the radius, typically from a fall
149
Bone Marrow Transplant
Stem cell transplant used to treat certain cancers, destroy both the patients and donors cells then healthy ones are infused
150
Allogenic Bone Marrow Transplant
Uses healthy bone marrow cells from a donor such as a sibling
| **Allogenic** means originating within another
151
Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant
Patient recives his or her own bone marrow cells that have been cleaned and treated
| **Autologous** means originating within an individual
152
Orthotic
Mechanical appliance, such as shoe insert, or splint
153
Prosthesis
A substitute for a diseased or missing body part
154
Arthrodesis
| *Surgical Anklyosis*
Surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, treats severe arthritis
| **Arthr/o** means joint, -**desis** means bind together
155
Arthroscopic Surgery
Minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
156
Bone Grafting
Surgical procedure using tansplanted bone often from a hip, leg, or rib, to repair and rebuild bones damaged by injury or disease
157
Synovectomy
Removal of a synovial membrane from a joint, repairs joint damage
| **Synov** means synovial membrane, **ectomy** meand surgical removal
158
Arthroplasty
Surgical repair of a damaged joint
| **Arthr/o** means joint, **plasty** means surgical repair
159
Revision Surgery
Replacement of a worn or failled implant
160
Amputation
Surgical or accidental removal of a limb
161
Percutaneous Diskectomy
Performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk that doesnt respond to other solutions
162
Percutaneous Vertebroplasty
Performed to treat osteoporosis related compression fractures
| **Vertebr/o** means vertebra, **plasty** means surgical repair
163
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of the lamina or posterior portion, of a vertebra
164
Spinal Fusion
Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining toether two or more vertebrae
165
Decompressive Craniectomy
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull
| **Crani** means skull, **ectomy** means surgical removal
166
Craniotomy
Surgical incision or opening into the skull
| **Crani** means skull, **otomy** means surgical incision
167
Osteotomy
Surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone
| **Oste** means bone, **otomy** means surgical incision
168
Closed Reduction
| *Manipulation*
Attempted non surgical realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation, using manually applied force
169
Immobilization
| *Stabilization*
Act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
170
Traction
A pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
171
External Fixation
A fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so external appliance can be used to hold pieces of bone
172
Internal Fixation
A fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
