Chapter 4 Primary Words Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Innervation
A
Simulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motot nerve
2
Q
Neuromuscular
A
Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
Neur/o means nerve, muscul means muscle, ar means pertaining
3
Q
Contraction
A
Tightening of a muscle, muscle contracts it becomes shorter and thicker
4
Q
Relaxation
A
Occurs when a muscle returns to its orginal form, muscle relaxes it becomes longer and skinnier
5
Q
Abduction
A
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
Ab means away from, duct means to lead, -ion means action
6
Q
Adduction
A
The movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
Ad means toward, duct means to lead, -ion means action
7
Q
Skeletal Muscles
A
Attached to the bones of skeleton and makes body motions possible
8
Q
Smooth Muscles
A
Located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading ffrom glands
9
Q
Myocardial Muscles
A
Form the muscular walls of the heart
My/o means muscle, cardi means heart, al means pertaining to
10
Q
Muscle Fibers
A
Long, slender cells that make uo muscles, each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue
11
Q
Fascia
A
Band of connective tissue that envelops, seperares, or binds together muscle or groups of muscles
12
Q
Myofascial
A
Pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
My/o means muscle, fasci means fascia,al means pertaining to
13
Q
Tendon
A
Narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
14
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone
15
Q
Flexion
A
Decreasing the andle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
16
Q
Extension
A
Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
17
Q
Hyperextension
A
Extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
18
Q
Elevation
A
Act of raising or lifting a body part
19
Q
Rotation
A
Circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
20
Q
Depression
A
Act of lowering a body part
21
Q
Circumduction
A
Circular movement at the far end of a limb
22
Q
Humerus
A
Bone of the upper arm, rotates with shoulder joint
23
Q
Supination
A
Act of rotating the arm or leg so the palm is facing upward
Bowl of soup
24
Q
Pronation
A
Act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm or sole of the foot is facing downward
25
Dorsiflexion
Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
26
Plantar Flexion
Movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
| **Plantar** means pertaining to the sole of the foot
27
Origin
Where the muscle **begins** and it is located bearest the midline of the body
28
Insertion
Where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon , more movable than the origin
29
Pectoralis Major
| *Named for location* and *Muscles of the trunk*
Thick, fan shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
30
Lateralis
| *Named for location*
Toward the side
31
Medialis
| *Named for location*
Toward the midline
32
Oblique
| *Named for fiber direction*
Slanted or at an angle
33
Rectus
| *Named for fiber direction*
In straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
34
Sphincter
| *Named for fiber direction*
Ring like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
35
Transverse
| *Named for fiber direction*
In a crosswire direction
36
Biceps Brachii
| *Named for number of divisions* and *Muscles of the shoulders and arms*
Formed from two divisions, flexes the elbow
| **Bi** means two, -**ceps** means head
37
Triceps Brachii
| *Named for number of divisions* and *Muscles of the shoulders and arms*
Is formed from three divisions, extends the elbow
| **Tri** means three, -**ceps** means head
38
Gluteus Maximus
| *Named for size or shape*
Largest muscle of the buttock
39
Deltoid Muscle
| *Named for size or shape*
Located on the shoulder, shaped like an inverted riangle like the greek letter delta
40
Hamstring Group
| *Named for strange reasons* and *Muscles of the legs*
Located at the back of the upper leg, consists of *three seperate muscles* primary functions are knee flexion and hip extension
| *Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus*
41
Frontalis
| *Muscles of the head*
In the forehead, raises and lowers the eyebrows
42
Temporalis
| *Muscles of the head*
Musle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
43
Masseter
| *Muscles of the head*
One of the strongest muscles, moves the lower jaw up to close when chewing
44
External Oblique Muscles
| *Muscles of the trunk*
Flex and rotate the vertebral column, and flex the torso and compress the abdomen
45
Internal Oblique Muscles
| *Muscles of the trunk*
Flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help us breathe, and rotate the spine
46
Rectus Abdominis
| *Muscles of the trunk*
Flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
47
Transverse Abdominis
| *Muscles of the trunk*
Helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
48
Deltoid
| *Muscles of the shoulders and arms*
Forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
49
Trapezius
| *Muscles of the shoulders and arms*
Muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
50
Rectus Femoris
| *Muscles of the legs*
Extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint
51
Quadriceps Femoris
| *Muscles of the legs*
made of 4 muscles, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis flew and extend the knee
52
Gastrocnemius
| *Muscles of the legs*
Is the calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downward
53
Exercise Physiologist
Specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs
54
Neurologist
Physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders where there is a loss of function
55
Physiatrist
Physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
56
PT
Provides treatment to prevent disabilit or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or others
57
Sports Medicine Physician
Specializes in the prevention and treatment of injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles for athletes
58
Fasciitis
Inflammation of a fascia
| **Fasci** means fascia, **itis** means inflammation
59
Fibromyalgia
Debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffues or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain
| **Fibr/o** means fibrous, **my** means muscle, **algia** means pain
60
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
| **Ten/o** means tendon, **synov** synovial fluid
## Footnote
**itis** means inflammation
61
Tendinitis
Acute unflammation or irratation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
| **Tendin** means tendon, **itis** means inflammation
62
Tendinosis
Chronic condition characterized by pain due to repititive overuse or an injury that has not healed
| **Tendin** means tendon, **osis** means abnormal condition
63
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest
64
Adhesion
Band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
65
Atrophy
Means weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
66
Cachexia
| (kah-**KEKS**-ee-ah)
Condition of physically wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass, occurs in patients with diseases such as cancer
67
Hernia
Occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it
68
Myalgia
Tenderness or pain in the muscles
| **My** means muscle, **algia** means pain
69
Polymyosiitis
| **PM**
Muscle disease chracterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles
| **Poly** means many, **myos** means muscle, **itis** means inflammation
70
Rhabdomyolysis
Serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury
| **Rhabdomy/o** means striated muscle, **lysis** means breakdown
71
Sacropenia
Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comw with aging
| **Sacr/o** means flesh, -**penia**
72
72
Muscle Tone
State of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
73
Atonic
Means lacking normal muscle tone or strength
| **A** means without, **ton** means tone,
## Footnote
**ic** means pertaining to
74
Dystonia
Movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles
| **Dys** means bad, **ton** means tone, **ia** means condition
75
Hypotonia
Condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
| **Hypo** meand deficient, **ton** means tone, **ia** means condition
76
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
| **A** means without, **tax** means coordination, **ia** means condition
77
Contracture
Permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
78
Intermittent Claudication
Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
79
Spasm
Sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
80
Myoclonus
Quick involuntary jerking of a muscle of group of muscles
| **My/o** means muscle, **clon** means violent action
81
Singultus
| *Hiccups*
Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
82
Cramp
Painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
83
Torticollis
Stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
84
Bradykinesia
Extreme slowness in movement
| **Brady** means slow, **kines** means movement, -**ia** means condition
85
Dyskinesia
Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
| **Dys** means bad, **kines** means movement, **ia** means condition
86
Hyperkinesia
Abnormally increased muscle function or activity
| **hyper** means excessive, **kines** means movement,
## Footnote
**ia** means condition
87
Myasthenia Gravis
Chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction
| **My** means muscle, **asthenia** means weakness or lack of strength
88
Muscular Dystrophy
Genetic diseases are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles
89
Repetitive Stress Disorders
| Repetitive Motion disorders
Variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or sports
90
Compartment Syndrome
Compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, caused by trauma, tight bandages or casts, or repetitive activities such as running
91
Overuse Injuries
Minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
92
Overuse Tendinitis
Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
93
Stress Fractures
Overuse injuries
94
Trigger Finger
Painful and progressive restriction of movement caused by an inflammation of a tendon's synovial sheath
95
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
96
Tendinopathy
General term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint
97
Impingement Syndrome
| *Rotator Cuff Injury*, also known as *rotator cuff tendinitis*
Occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
98
Rotator Cuff Tear
Occurs as the irritated tendon weakens or as the result of a fall or injury
99
100
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused
101
Carpal Tunnel Release
Surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to reduce pressure on the median nerve
| **Carpal** means pertaining to the wrist
102
Ganglion Cyst
Benign fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand, sometimes as a result of past injury
103
Epicondylitis
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
| **Epi** means on, **condyl** means condyle, **itis** means inflammation
104
Heel Spur
Calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone
105
Plantar Fasciitis
| *Planter Fasciopathy*
Inflammation of the planter fascia on the sole of the foot
106
Morton's Neuroma
Condition in which pain on the ball of the foot is by a swollen, inflammed nerve
107
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction **(PTTD)**
| *Fallen Arches*
Occurs when the tendon supporting the foot's arch weakens
108
Soft Tissue Injury
Damage to the skin, ligaments, tendons, and muscles
109
Sprain
Injury to a joint
110
Strain
Injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
111
Shin Splint
Painful condition caused by *tibialis anterior* muscle tearing away from the tibia
112
Hamstring Injury
Strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and knee
113
Achilles Tendinitis
Painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
114
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Overuse injury causing pain, usually just above the knee joint
115
Paralysis
Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
116
Myoparesis
Weakness or slight muscular paralysis
117
Hemiparesis
Weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body
118
Hemipelgia
Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
119
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
120
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
121
Deep Tendon Reflexes
Tested with a reflex hammer
122
Electromyography
Diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
123
Muscle Biopsy
Involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination
124
Antispasmodic
Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
125
Cortisone
Injected to relieve pain and inflammation in a specific joint
