Chapter 7 Primary Terms Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
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Respiratory System
A
Supplies the blood with oxygen for transportation to the cells in all parts of the body
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Upper Respiratory Tract
A
Consists of nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and the trachea
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Lower Respiratory Tract
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Consists of the bronchial tree and lungs, located within the thoracic cavity or rib cage
4
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Nasal Septum
A
Wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
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Cilia
A
Thin hairs located inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
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Mucous Membranes
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Line the nose, specialized tissue
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Mucus
A
Slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues
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Olfactory Receptors
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Nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell, important for sense of taste
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Tonsils
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Part of the lymphatic system, located in the back of the mouth
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Adenoids
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Part of the lymphatic system, behind the nose and the roof of the mouth
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Paranasal Sinuses
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Air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, located in the bones of the skull
Para means near, nas means nose, al means pertaining to
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Frontal Sinuses
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Located just above the eyebrows
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Sphenoid Sinuses
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Located in sphenoid bone behind the eyes
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Maxillary Sinuses
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Largest of the paranasal sinuses, located under the eyes
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Ethmoid Sinuses
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Located between the nose and eyes
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Pharynx
Throat
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Receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth
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Nasopharynx
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Posterior to the nasal cavity, continues downward behind mouth, unsed only to transport air
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Oropharynx
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Portion that is visible when looking into the mouth,transports air, food, and fluids
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Laryngopharynx
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Shared by both respiratory and digestive systems, air, food, and fluids continue down
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Epiglottis
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Lid like structure located at the base of the tongue, closes off the laryngopharynx so food can’t enter the trachea or the lungs
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Trachea
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Transport air to and from the lungs
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Bronchi
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Two large tubes that branch out from the trachea and convey air into the lungs
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Bronchioles
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Smallest branches of the bronchi
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Alveoli
Very small, grape like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Surfactant
Produced by alveoli, detergent like substance that reduces the surface tension of the fluid in the lungs
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Right Lung
Larger, three lobes: upper or superior, middle, and lower or inferior
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Left Lung
Only two lobes: upper and lower due to space restrictions from the heart
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Mediastinum
| (**mee**-dee-as-**TYE**-num)
Middle section of the chest cavity, located between the lungs, contains: the heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, and lymph nodes
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Pleura
Thin, moist and slippery membrane that covers the outer surfce of the lungs and lines the inner cavity of the thoracic cavity
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Parietal Pleura
Outer layer of thhe pleura, lines the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung
| **Parietal** means relating to the walls of a cavity
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Visceral Pleura
Inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, attaches directly to the lungs
| **Visceral** means relating to the internal organs
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Pleural Cavity
Thin, fluid filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes, acts as a lubricant
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Diaphragm
| *Thoracic Diaphragm*
Dome shaped sheet of muscle that seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen
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Phrenic Nerves
Simulate the diaphragm and cause it to contract
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Respiration
| *Breathing*
Exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide
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Inhalation
Act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
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Exhalation
Act of breathing out, as the diaphragm relaxes it moves upwards
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External Respiration
The act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
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Internal Respiration
| *Cellular Respiration*
The exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues
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Otolaryngologist (ENT)
A physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck
| **Oto** means ear, **laryng** means larynx
## Footnote
**ologist** means specialist
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Pulmonologist
Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
| **Pulmon** means lung, **ologist** means specialist
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Respiratory Therapist (RT)
Licensed medical professional who specializes in treating patients who are having difficulty breathing
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Thoracic Surgeon
Performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest including the heart, lungs, and esophagus
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out, generally caused by smoking and is permanent
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Chronic Bronchitis
Disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant
| **Bronch** means bronchus, **itis** means inflammation
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Emphysema
Progressive long term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking, alveoli are destroyed making breathing rapid, shallow, and difficult
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Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction
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Airway Inflammation
Swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus
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Bronchospasm
The contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut
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Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction
Narrowing of the airways that develops 5-15 minutes afer physical exertion
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Upper Respiratory Infections (URI)
Describes a common cold
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Allergic Rhinitis
Comonly referred to as an allergy, an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that cause increased flow of mucus
| **Rhin** means nose, **itis** means inflammation
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Croup
Acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords
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Epistaxis
| *Nosebleed*
Bleeding from the nose caused by fry air, injury medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure
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Influenza
| *Flu*
Acute, highly contagious viral infection charazcterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain
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Pertussis
| *Whooping Cough*
Contagious acterial infection of te upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal cough
| **Paroxysmal** means sudden or spasm-like
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Common, highly contagious viral infection, mild and similar to the common cold
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Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles
| **Bronchiol** means bronchioles, **itis** means inflammation
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Rinorrhea
| *Runny Nose*
Watery flow of mucus from the nose
| **Rhin/o** means nose, **rrhea** means abnormal discharge
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Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses
| **Sinus** means sinus, **itis** means inflammation
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Pharyngitis
| *Sore Throat*
Inflammation of the pharynx
| **Pharyng** means pharynx, **itis** means inflammation
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Laryngospasm
Sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
| **Laryng/o** means larynx, **spasm** means a sudden involuntary contract
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Aphonia
Loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
| **A** means without, **phon** means voice, **ia** means abnormal conditi
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Dysphonia
Difficulty in speaking which may include any impairment n vocal quality
| **Dys** means bad, **phon** means voice, **ia** means abnormal condition
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Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx, commonly used to describe voice loss caused by this inflamation
| **Laryng** means larynx, **itis** means inflammation
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Acute Bronchitis
| *Chest Cold*
Inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by a viral infection
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Bronchiectasis
Permanent thickening of the walls of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation
| **Bronch/i** means bronchus, **ectasis** means stretching or enlargement
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Bronchorrea
Excessive discharge of watery mucus from the bronchi
| **Bronch/o** means Bronchus, **rrhea** means abnormal flow
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Pleurisy
| *Pleuritis*
Inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity
| **Pleur** means pleura, **isy** is a noun ending
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Pleurodynia
Sharp chest pain that occurs when the inflamed pleural membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
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Pleural Effusion
Excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, produces a feeling of breathlessness
| **Effusion** is the escape of fluid from blood vessels into the tissues
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Pyothorax
| *Pleural Empyema*
Presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane resulting from a bacterial infection
| **Py/o** means pus, **thorax** means chest
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Empyema
Refers to a collection of pus in any body cavity
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Hemothorax
Collection of blood in the pleural cavity, results from chest trauma such as a stab wound
| **Hem/o** means blood, **thorax** means chest
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Pneumothorax
The accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
| **Pneum/o** means lung or air, **thorax** means chest
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Lung condition caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis
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Atelectasis
| *Collapsed Lung*
The incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages
| **Atel** means incomplete, **ectasis** means stretching or enlargement
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Granuloma
General term used to describe a localized area of inflammation, usually in the lungs
| **Granul** means granular, **oma** means tumor
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Pulmonary Edema
Accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli
| **Edema** means swelling
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Pulmonary Embolism
Sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
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Tuberculosis
Infectious disease, attacks the lungs
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Pneumonia
Serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids
| **Pneumon** means lung, **ia** means abnormal condition
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Bronchopneumonia
Localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles
| **bronch/o** means bronchial tubes, **pneumon** means lung
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Lobar Pneumonia
Affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections or lobes of a lung
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Aspiration Pneumonia
Can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
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Community-acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic
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Bacterial Pneumonia
Most commonly caused by *Streptococcus Pneumoniae*
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Hospital-acquired Pneumonia
| *Nosocomial Pneumonia*
Type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient's defenses are impaired
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Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria *Mycoplasma pneumoniae*
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Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Oppurtunistic infection caused by the yeast like fungus *Pneumocystis jirovecii*
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Viral Pneumonia
Can be caused by several different types of viruses
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Intersitial Lung Disease
Refers to a group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli
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Pulmonary Fibrosis
Progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty breathing
| **Fibros** means fibrous connective tissue
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Pneumoconiosis
Any fibrosis of the lung tissues caused by mineral dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
| **Pneumo/o** means lung, **coni** means dust, **osis** means abnormal
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Asbestosis
Caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos
| **Asbest** means asbestos, **osis** means abnormal condition
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Silicosis
Caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs
| **Silic** means glass, **osis** means abnormal condition
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Cystic Fibrosis
Life threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quanities of abnormally thick mucus
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Lung Cancer
Leading cause of death in the US, condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung
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Eupnea
Easy or normal breathing
| **Eu** means good, **pnea** means breathing
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Apnea
Temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
| **A** means without, **pnea** means breathing
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Bradypnea
Abnormally slow rate of respiration
| **Brady** means slow, **pnea** means breathing
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Dyspnea
| *Shortness of breath* (SOB)
Difficult or labored breathing
| **Dys** means painful, **pnea** means breathing
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Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
Irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
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Tachypnea
Abnormally rapid rate of repiration
| **Tachy** means fast, **pnea** means breathing
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Hyperpnea
Commonly associated with exertion, breathing that is deeper or more rapid than is normal at rest
| **Hyper** means excessive, **pnea** means breathing
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Hypopnea
Shallow or slow respiration
| **Hypo** means decreased, **pnea** means breathing
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Hyperventilation
Abnormally rapid rate of deep repiration that is usually associated with anxiety
| **Hyper** means excessive, **ventilation** means breathing
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Sleep Apnea
Potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatdly stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
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Expectoration
Act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid
| **Expector** means to cough up, **ation** means state or action
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Hemoptysis
Expectoration of blood or blood stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmoary or bronchial hemorrhage
| **Hem/o** means blood, **ptysis** means spitting
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Airway Obstruction
| *Choking*
Food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs
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Anoxia
Absence of oxygen from the body's tissues and organs even though there is an adequate flow of blood
| **An** means without, **ox** means oxygen
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Hypoxia
Condition of having defiecent oxygen levels in the body's tissues and organs, less severe than anoxia
| **Hyp** means deficient, **ox** means oxygen
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Exposure to CO interferes with the body's ability to utilize oxygen
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Asphyxia
Loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function
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Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
| **Cyan** means blue
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Hypercapnia
Abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
| **Hyper** means excessive, **capn** means carbon dioxide
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Hypoxemia
Condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood
| **Hyp** means deficent, **ox** means oxygen, **emia** means blood
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Respiratory Failure
The level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or carbon dioxide levels are too high
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Smoke Inhalation
Chemical damage and burns to the lungs caused by breathing in hot smoke containing products of combustion
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Sudden and unexplainable dath of a healthy sleeping infant, cause of death is unknown
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Bronchoscopy
Visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
| **Bronch/o** means bronchus, -**scopy** means direct visual examnination
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Chest X-Ray
Valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pnuemothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema
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Laryngoscopy
Visual examnination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible laryngoscope inserted through the mouth
| **Laryng/o** means larynx, **scopy** means visual examinantion
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Peak Flow Meter
Inexpensive handheld device used by asthma patients to meausre air flow out of the lungs
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Polysomnography
| *Sleep Study*
Measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturnal defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea
| **Poly** means many, **somn/o** means sleep, **graphy** means recording
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Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Group of tests that measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer
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Spirometer
Recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath
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Pulse Oximeter
External monitor olaced on the patients fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood
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Sputum Cytology
Procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and then examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells
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Sputum Culture & Sensitivity
Test in which a sample of mucus in coughed up from the lungs and monitored for bacterial growth
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Sputum
Phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
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Phlegm
Thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
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Tuberculin skin testing
Screening test for tuberculosis in which a small amount of tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative is injected just under the top layer of the skin
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Antitussive
| *Cough Medicine*
Administered to prevent or relieve coughing
| **Anti** means against, **tuss** means cough, **ive** means perform
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Decongestant
| *Nasal Decongestant*
Administered orally or intranasally to relieve nasal congestion from allergies or illness
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Expectorant
Oral medication that makes it easier to cough up mucus by making it thinner and less viscous
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Bronchodilator
Inhaled medicarion that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
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Metered-dose Inhaler
administers a specific amount of medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosal form
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Nebulizer
lectronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, then inhaled by the patient via a face mask or mouthpiece
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Endotracheal Intubation
Passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
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Functional Endoscopic Sinus SUrgery (FESS)
Procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is trated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
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Laryngotomy
Surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed
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Septoplasty
Surgical repair of parts of the nasal septum
| **Sept/o** means septum, **plasty** means surgical repair
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Tracheotomy
Procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
| **Trache** means trachea, **otomy** means surgical incision
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Tracheostomy
Surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea below the vocal cords to insert a temporary or permanant tube to facilitate breathing
| **Trache** means trachea, **ostomy** means surgical creation
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Pneumonectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of a lung
| **Pneumon** means lung, **ectomy** means surgical removal
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Lobectomy
Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, liver, or thyroid gland
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Thoracentisis
Surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
| **Thor/a** means thorax, **centisis** means surgical puncture
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Wedge Resection
Surgery in which a small wedge shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer
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Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS)
Use of a thorascope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions
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Thoracotomy
Surgical incision into the chest wall to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment
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CPAP Machine (**C**ontinuous **P**ositive **A**irway **P**ressure)
Noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea
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BIPAP Machine (**Bi**level **P**ositive **A**irway **P**ressure)
Can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling
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Ventilator
Mechanical device for artificial repiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function
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Supplemental Oxygen
Administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate blood oxygen saturation level from breathing normal air
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
Involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal
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Ambubag or BVM (**B**ag **V**alve **M**ask)
Emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation
