Chapter 2 Primary terms Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of the structures of the body
2
Q
Physiology
(fiz-ee-OL-oh-jee)
A
The study of the functions of the structures of the body
Physi means nature or physical, -ology means study of
3
Q
Anatomical Position
A
Standing in standard position
Facing forward, Palms towards the front and by the sides
4
Q
Body Planes
A
Vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections
5
Q
Vertical Plane
A
Up and down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
6
Q
Sagittal Plane
(SADJ-ih-tal)
A
Vertical plane that dividesthe body into unequal left and right portions
7
Q
Midsagittal Plane
A
Midline
Sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
8
Q
Frontal Plane
A
Verticle plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Coronal Plane
9
Q
Horizontal Plane
A
Flat, crosswise plane
10
Q
Transverse Plane
A
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
11
Q
Ventral
(VEN-tral)
A
Front or belly side of the organ or body
Ventr means bellyside of the body, -al means pertaining to
Opposite of dorsal
12
Q
Dorsal
(DOR-sal)
A
Back of the body or organ
Dors means back of the body, -al means pertaining to
Opposite of Ventral
13
Q
Anterior
A
Situated in the front, front or forward part of an organ
Anter means front or before, -ior means pertaining to
14
Q
Posterior
A
Situated in the back, back or part of an organ
Poster means back or toward the back, -ior means pertaining to
15
Q
Superior
A
Uppermost, above, or toward the head
Opposite of Inferior
16
Q
Inferior
A
Lowermost, below, or toward the feet
Opposite of Superior
17
Q
Cephalic
(seh-FAL-ick)
A
Toward the head
Cephal means head, -ic means pertaining to
18
Q
Caudal
(KAW-dal)
A
Toward the lower part of the body
Caud means tail or lower part of body, -al means pertaining to
19
Q
Proximal
A
Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
Opposite of distal
20
Q
Distal
A
Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
Opposite of Proximal
21
Q
Medial
A
Direction toward or nearer, the midline
Opposite of lateral
22
Q
Lateral
A
Direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
23
Q
Major Body Cavities
A
Dorsal (back) and Ventral (front) cavities
Contain and protects internal organs
24
Q
Dorsal Cavity
A
Along back of the body and head, contains nervous system organs
25
Cranial Cavity
Located within the skull, surronds and protects the brain
| **Cranial** means pretaining to the skull
26
Spinal Cavity
Located within the spinal column, surronds and protects spinal cord
27
Ventral Cavity
Located along front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis
28
Homeostasis
Processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
| **Home/o** means constant, -**stasis** means control
29
Thoracic Cavity
Surronds and protects the heart and lungs
| *Chest Cavity or thorax*
30
Abdominal Cavity
Contains the major organs of digestion
| *Abdomen*
31
Pelvic Cavity
Space formed by the hip bones, contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
32
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic and Abdominal cavities as a single unit
| **Abdomin/o** means adbomen, **pelv** means pelvis
## Footnote
-**ic** means pertaining to
33
Inguinal
| (**ING**-gwih-nal)
Relating to the groin, refers to entire lower area of abdomen
34
Right/Left Hypochondriac Regions
Covered by the lower ribs
35
Epigastric Region
Located above the stomach
| **Epi** means above, **gastr** means stomach, **ic** means pertaining to
36
Right/Left Lumbar regions
Located near the inward curve of the spine
| **Lumb** means lower back, -**ar** means pertaining to
37
Umbilical Region
Surrounds the umbillicus (Belly Button)
38
Right/Left Iliac Regions
Located near hip bones
| **Ili** means hip bone, -**ac** means pertaining to
39
Hypogastric Region
Located below the stomach
| **Hypo** means below, **gastr** means stomach,
## Footnote
-**ic** means pertainging to
40
Peritoneum
| (**pehr**-ih-toh-**NEE**-um)
Multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place in the abdominal cavity
41
Parietal Peritoneum
| (pah-**RYE**-eh-tal **pehr**-ih-toh-**NEE**-um)
Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
| **Parietal** means cavity wall
42
Mesentery
Fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
43
Visceral Peritoneum
| (**VIS**-er-al **pehr**-ih-toh-**NEE**-um)
Inner layer of the Peritoneum that surronds the organs of the abdominal cavity
| Visceral means relating to the internal organs
44
Retroperitoneal
Located behind the peritoneum
| **Retro** means behind, **periton** means peritoneum,
## Footnote
-**eal** means pertaining to
45
Peritonitis
| (**pehr**-ih-toh-**NIGH**-tis)
Inflammation of the Peritoneum
46
Cells
Basic structural and functional uniits of the body
47
Cytology
Study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
| **Cyt** mean cell, -**ology** means study of
48
Cytologist
Specialist in the study and analysis of cells
| **Cyt** means cell, **-ologist** means specialist
49
Cell Membrane
The tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external enviornment
50
Cytoplasm
Material within the cell membrane that is *not* part of the membrane
| **Cyt/o** means cell, **-plasm** means formative material of cells
51
Nucleus
Controls the activities of the cell and helps it divide
51
Adult Stem cells
| Somatic Cells
Maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found
52
Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
52
Genetics
Study of how genes are transferred from parents to children
53
Gene
Functional unit of heredity
53
Genome
Complete set of genetic information of an organism
| **Human Genome Project**
54
Chromosome
| (**KROH**-moh-sohme)
A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
54
Genetic Mutation
Change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
55
Somatic Cell Mutation
Affect indiviual but **can not** be transmitted to others
56
Gametic Cell Mutation
Change within the genes of a gamete (Sex cell) **can** be transmitted to next gen
57
Genetic Engineering
Manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes
58
Genetic Disorder
| Hereditary Disease
Pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
59
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects the respiratory and digestive systems
60
Down Syndrome (DS)
A genetic variationthat is assciated with a characteristic facial apperance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities
61
Fragile X Syndrome
Caused by changes in the MRI gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development
62
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting fator is missing
63
Huntington's Disease (HD)
Genetic disorder that causes nerve digeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
64
Marfan Syndrome
Disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system
65
Muscular Dystrophy
Group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles
66
Phenylketonuria
| (**fen**-il-**kee**-toh-**NEW**-ree-ah)
Rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
67
Tissue
Group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
68
Histology
Microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
| **Hist** means tissue, **-ology**
69
Epithelial Tissue
Forms a protective covering for all internal and external surfaces of the body
70
Epithelium
| (**ep**-ih-**THEE**-lee-al)
Specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membranes
71
Endothelium
| (**en**-doh-**THEE**-lee-um)
Specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavaties, glands, and organs
72
Connective Tissue
Support and connects organs and other body tissues
| 4 Kinds
73
Dense Connective Tissues
Bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
74
Adipose Tissue
Fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support
| **Adip** means fat, -**ose** means pertaining to
75
Loose Connective Tissue
Holds organs in place and binds tissues together
76
Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood and lymph, transports nutrients and waste products throughout the body
77
Muscle Tissue
Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
78
Nerve Tissue
Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
79
Aplasia
| (ay-**PLAY**-zhee-ah)
Defective development, or congential absence of an organ or tissue
| **A** means without, -**plasia** means formation
80
Hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, due to a defiency in the number of cells
| **Hypo** means deficient, -**plasia** means development
81
Anaplasia
Change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
| **Ana** means backward, -**plasia** means formation
82
Dysplasia
Abnormal development or growth off cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
| **Dys** means bad, -**plasia** means formation
83
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
| **Hyper** means excessive, -**plasia** means formation
84
Hypertrophy
General increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to the increase in size but not in # of cells
| **Hyper** means excessive, -**trophy** means development
85
Gland
Specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
86
Exocrine Glands
Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or our of the body
| **Exo** means out, -**crine** means secrete
87
Endocrine Glands
Produce hormones, do not have ducts, directly into the bloodstream
| **Endo** means within, -**crine** means secrete
88
Adenoids
Mass of gland like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
89
Adenitis
Inflammation of a gland
| **Aden** means gland, -**itis** means inflammation
90
Adenocarcinoma
| (**ad**-eh-noh-**kar**-sih-**NOH**-ma)
Malignmant tumor that orginates in the glands and may spread to other body parts
| **Aden/o** means gland, **carcin** means cancerous, -**oma** means tumor
91
Adenoma
Benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure
| **Aden** means gland,-**oma** means tumor
92
Adenosis
Any disease or condition of a gland
| **Aden** means gland, -**osis** means abnormal condition or disease
93
Organ
Somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
94
Pathology
Study of disease
95
Pathologist
Physician who specializes in laboratory analysis of diseased tissue
96
Etiology
| (**ee**-tee-**OL**-oh-jee)
Study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
97
Pathogen
Disease producing microorganism such as a virus
98
Communicable disease
Condtition transmitted from one person to another
99
Direct Transmission
Human to Human contact in the form of touch or exchange of bodily fluids
100
Bloodborne Transmission
Spread of pathogens through infected blood or other bodily fluids
101
Droplet Transmission
Spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing
102
Indirect Contact Transmission
Occurs in situations in which a susceptible person is in contact with a contaminated person
103
Airborne Transmission
Occurs when one has contact with pathogens floating in the air
104
Food-Borne/ Waterborne Transmission
Eating or drinking contaminated food or water that hasnt been properly treated
105
Vector-Borne Transmission
Spread of disease through blood sucking vectors
| Insect Bites
106
Epidemiologist
Specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a populated group
107
Endemic
Ongoing presence of a disease within a populatipon, group, or area
| **En** means within, **dem** means population, **ic** means pertaining t
108
Epidemic
Sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population or area
| **Epi** means above, **dem** means population, -**ic** means pertaining
109
Pandemic
Outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
110
Organic Disorder
Produces symptoms that are dectetable physical changes in the body
111
Functional Disorder
Produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified
112
Latrogenic Illness
Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
113
Idiopathic Disease
Any disease without a known cause
| **Idi/o** means peculiar to the individual
114
Infectious Disease
Is an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
115
Nosocomial Infection
A disease acquired in a hospital or clinic setting
116
Syndrome
Set of signs and symptoms
117
Metabolic Syndrome
Characterized by risk factors for deeloping heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes
118
Congenital Disorder
Abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
119
Developmental Disorder
Anomaly or malformation
| Birht Defect
120
Atresia
Describes the congential absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
121
Premature Birth
Birth occurs earlier than the 37th week of development
122
Birth Injuries
Disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery
123
Health Care Proxy
Advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person to make treatment decisions
124
Living Will
Will but for people still living
125
DNR
Legal document to not save that person if they start coding
126
General Practitioner
Family practice physician
127
Internist
Specilizes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the internal organs
