Chapter 4

Question 1

self

Answer 1

all the characteristics of a person

Question 2

self-understanding

Answer 2

the individual’s cognitive representation of the self; the substance and content of self-conceptions

Question 3

possible self

Answer 3

what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming

Question 4

perspective taking

Answer 4

the ability to assume another person’s perspective and understand his or her thoughts and feelings

Question 5

self-esteem

Answer 5

the global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image

Question 6

self-concept

Answer 6

domain-specific evaluations of the self

Question 7

narcissim

Answer 7

a self-centered and self-concerned approach towards others

Question 8

identity

Answer 8

who a person believes he or she is,

representing a synthesis and integration of self-understanding

Question 9

identity vs. identity confusion

Answer 9

Erikson’s fifth developmental stage, which occurs during adolescence - at this time, individuals are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life

Question 10

psychosocial moratorium

Answer 10

Erikson’s term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration

Question 11

crisis

Answer 11

a period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing among
meaningful alternatives

Question 12

commitment

Answer 12

the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do

Question 13

identity diffusion

Answer 13

Marcia’s term for the state adolescents are in when they have not yet experienced an identity crisis or made any commitments

Question 14

identity forclosure

Answer 14

Marcia’s term for the state adolescents are in when they have made a commitment but have not experienced an identity crisis

Question 15

identity moratorium

Answer 15

Marcia’s term for the state of adolescents who are in the midst of an identity crisis but who have not made a clear commitment to an identity

Question 16

identity achievement

Answer 16

Marcia’s term for an adolescent who has undergone an identity crisis and made a commitment

Question 17

individuality

Answer 17

an important element in adolescent identity development - consists of two dimensions:
self-assertion, the ability to have and communicate a point of view; and separateness, the use of communication patterns to express how one is
different from others

Question 18

connectedness

Answer 18

an important element in adolescent identity development - consists of two dimensions: mutuality, sensitivity to and respect for others’ views; and permeability, openness to others’ views

Question 19

ethnic identity

Answer 19

an enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic
group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership

Question 20

bicultural identity

Answer 20

identity formation that occurs when adolescents identify in some ways with their
ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture

Question 21

intamcy vs. isolation

Answer 21

Erikson’s sixth developmental stage, which individuals experience during the early adulthood years; at this time, individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others

Question 22

emotion

Answer 22

feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person

is in a state or an interaction that is important to the individual, especially to his or her well-being

Question 23

personality

Answer 23

the enduring personal characteristics of individuals

Question 24

Big Five factors of personality

Answer 24

Five core traits of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional stability)

Question 25

optimism

Answer 25

involves having a positive outlook on the | future and minimizing problems

Question 26

temperament

Answer 26

an individual’s behavioral style and | characteristic way of responding

Question 27

easy child

Answer 27

a child who generally is in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences

Question 28

difficult child

Answer 28

a child who reacts negatively to many situations and is slow to accept new experiences

Question 29

slow-to-warm-up child

Answer 29

a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

Question 30

goodness of fit

Answer 30

the match between an individual’s temperament style and the environmental demands faced by the individual