Chapter 8

Question 1

reciprocal socialization

Answer 1

the process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as
parents socialize them

Question 2

multiple developmental trajectories

Answer 2

concept that adults follow one trajectory and children and adolescents another one; how these trajectories mesh is important

Question 3

authoritarian parenting

Answer 3

a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the adolescent to follow the parent’s directions and to respect work and effort. firm limits and controls are placed on the adolescent, and little verbal exchange is allowed. this style is associated with adolescents’ socially incompetent behavior

Question 4

authoritative parenting

Answer 4

a style encouraging adolescents to be independent but still placing limits and controls on their actions. extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the adolescent. this style is associated with adolescents’ socially competent behavior

Question 5

neglectful parenting

Answer 5

a style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the adolescent’s life. it is associated with adolescents’ social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control

Question 6

indulgent parenting

Answer 6

a style in which parents are highly involved with their adolescents but place few demands or controls on them. this is associated with adolescents’ social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control

Question 7

emotional autonomy

Answer 7

the capacity to relinquish childlike dependence on parents

Question 8

secure attachment

Answer 8

attachment pattern in which infants use their primary caregiver, usually the mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment; secure attachment is theorized to be an important foundation for psychological development later in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Question 9

insecure attachment

Answer 9

attachment pattern in which infants either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver; this pattern is theorized to be related to difficulties in relationships and problems in later development

Question 10

dismissing/avoidant attachment

Answer 10

an insecure attachment category in which individuals deemphasize the importance of attachment; this category is associated with consistent experiences of rejection of attachment needs by caregivers

Question 11

preoccupied/ambivalent attachment

Answer 11

An insecure attachment category in which adolescents are hyper-attuned to attachment experiences; this is thought mainly to occur because parents are inconsistently available to the adolescent

Question 12

unresolved/disorganized attachment

Answer 12

an insecure category in which the adolescent has an unusually high level of fear and is disoriented; this can result from traumatic experiences such as a parent’s death or abuse by parents

Question 13

boundary ambiguity

Answer 13

the uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system